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(1)The Nobel Foundation,All Nobel Laureates in Medicine,http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/index.html,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
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(2)Elpidoforos S. Soteriates,et al,“Research Contribution of Different World Regions in the Top 50 Biomedical Journals”,The FASEB Journal,2006
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(3)Hamilton Moses,Ⅲ;E. Ray Dorsey;David H. M. Matheson;et al.,“Financial Anatomy of Biomedical Research”,JAMA. 2005;294(11):1333—1342. The following funding source statistics are from this source.
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(4)Miriam Shergold,Health and Medical Research in the United States:Observatory on Health Research Systems,RAND Corporation,2008.
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(5)NIH Office of Extramural Research,Table #112 NIH Research Grants:Number of Awarded Institution and Number of Awards by type of Institution,Fiscal year 1999—2008,May 6,2009.
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(6)Statistics tabulated from grant award information reported by NIH at http://report.nih.gov/index.aspx.
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(7)NIH,Research Project Success Rates by Type and Activity,July 9,2009,http://report.nih.gov/award/success/Success_ByActivity.cfm,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
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(8)Biotechnology Industry Organization,2007—2008 Milestones,p. 12.
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(9)PhRMA,Pharmaceutical Indsutry Profile2009,p 2.
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(10)Association of American Medical Colleges,AAMC Data Book2007,p. 42—46
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(11)National Institutes of Health,NIH Almanac 2008—2009,p. 408.(http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/)
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(12)Ibid. p. 112
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(13)PhRMA,Pharmaceutical Industry Profile2009,p 66.
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(14)Biotechnology Industry Organization,Biotechnology Industry Facts,http://bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/statistics.asp,last accessed on Dec. 14,2009.
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(15)同上.
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(16)同上.
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(17)Biotechnology Industry Organization,2007—2008 Milestones,p. 40.
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(18)Real Clear Politics,Polls Find Majority Back Funding Stem-Cell Research,March 10,2009,http://www.realclearpolitics.com/politics_nation/2009/03/polls_find_majority_back_fundi.html.
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(19)Elpidoforos S. Soteriates,et al,“Research Contribution of Different World Regions in the Top 50 Biomedical Journals”,The FASEB Journal,2006
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(20)National Science Foundation,Survey of Earned Doctorates,2007,http://www.norc.org/projects/survey+of+earned+doctorates.htm,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
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揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 第九章 医疗监管制度和公共卫生管理
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第一节 概述
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在进入本章讨论之前,有必要申明一点:由于制度、历史和观念的原因,美国的医疗和相关行业,绝大部分是私营的,这和中国有很大的不同。美国的医院大约3/4是私营的,各级政府所有和管理的医院数量只占全部医院数量的1/4。而绝大部分医生是自行开业,不受雇于医院,更不受雇于政府。政府提供联邦医保和医助福利,但是约3/4的美国人享受不到任何政府的医疗福利,大约一半的美国人通过雇主购买商业医疗保险,低于10%的人自行购买医疗保险,其余的人没有任何医疗保险和医疗福利保障。除此以外,制药、医疗器材、信息系统等等医疗周边产业完全是私营的。这些数据在有关章节中都有详细介绍,这里也不重复了。由于美国医疗的这种私营性质,在监管上总体是与国有医疗体制有相当大差别的。但是如果中国的医疗要走产业化,或部分产业化的道路,那么美国的这套监管机制具有一定的参考借鉴价值。
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