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12.目前这个方面的最好论述来自罗伊·鲍迈斯特(Roy Baumeister)。参见:Roy F. Baumeister,“Yielding to Temptation:Self-Control Failure,Impulsive Purchasing,and Consumer Behavior,” Journal of Consumer Research 28:4 (2002):670–76。其他研究成果见:Erica M. Okada,“Justification Effects on Consumer Choice of Hedonic and Utilitarian Goods,” Journal of Marketing Research 42:1 (2005):43–53;Baba Shiv and Alexander Fedorikhin,“Heart and Mind in Conflict:The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making,” Journal of Consumer Research 26 (December 1999):278–292。
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13.见:N. E. Sherwood,Robert W. Jeffrey,Simone French,et al.,“Predictors of Weight Gain in the Pound of Prevention Study,” International Journal of Obesity 24:4 (April 2000):395–403。
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14.如果每天的热量消耗量与摄取量相等,人体就处于“能量平衡”。能量平衡所需卡路里根据个人体重和当天活动量而有所不同。个头小的成年人比个头大的成年人消耗热量少;好动的人比怠惰的人消耗得多。
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15.一磅大致相当于 3,500 卡路里。每天吃三颗小糖豆(12 卡路里),一年加起来就有 4,380 卡路里。类似地,每天喝一罐可口可乐(139 卡路里),两年总共是 101,470 卡路里(29 磅)。
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16.参见:James O. Hill and John C. Peters,“Environmental Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic,” Science,280 (5368):1371–1374。
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17.参见:Bradley J. Willcox,M.D.,D. Craig Willcox,Ph.D.,and Makoto Suzuki,M.D.,The Okinawa Program (New York:Clarkson Potter,2001)。
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2. 被遗忘的食物
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1.人们估计自己吃掉的食物一般要比实际吃掉的少 28%。见:Brian Wansink and Lawrence W. Linder,“Interactions Between Forms of Fat Consumption and Restaurant Bread Consumption,” International Journal of Obesity 27:7 (2003):866–868。
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2.阐述这一问题的有两个优秀的研究项目。见:David A. Booth and Richard P. J. Freeman,“Are Calories Attributed or Sensed,” Appetite 24:2 (April 1995):184;Michael R. Lowe,“Eating Motives and the Controversy Over Dieting:Eating Less Than Needed Versus Less Than Wanted,” Obesity Research 13:5 (May 2005):797–806。
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3.摘自“No Expense Spared for Big Day of Fun,” USA Today (February 4,2005),E-2。
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4.参见:“The Chicken-Bone Diet:Consumption Monitoring and Intake” (2006),under review。该研究被 ABC 电视台新闻节目 20/20 报道,可在 www.MindlessEating.org 观看有趣的视频剪辑。
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5.“监狱增胖谜团”是基于与伊利诺斯厄巴纳的记者萨拉·乔· 布伦纳(Sarah Jo Brenner)的一次对话。
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6.这种 BMI 公式适用于美国、关岛等使用英制度量法的国家和地区。如果读者来自其他 200 多个使用公制度量法的国家和地区,BMI 则更容易计算。用身高米数的平方去除体重公斤数就可以了。
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7.“骨架经验法则”可参看这一有趣著作:Diane Iron,The World’s Best Diet Secrets。
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8.参见:Barbara Rolls,The Volumetrics Eating Plan (2005)。研究能量密度课题的还有普渡大学理查德·马特斯(Richard Mattes)博士、阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校的罗兰·韦恩希尔(Roland L. Weinsier)博士以及杜克大学饮食与健身研究中心的特里·布朗利(Terry Brownlee)博士。可观看 ABC 新闻节目 20/20 的肥胖症特辑中就此话题对罗尔斯博士的采访,见注解 4。
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9.采用能量密度法节食的好点子见:Howard M. Shapiro,Dr. Shapiro’s Picture Perfect Weight Permanent Weight Loss (New York:Warner Books,Inc.,2000)。
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10.参见:S. C. Wooley,“Physiologic Versus Cognitive Factors in Short-Term Food Regulation in the Obese and Nonobese,” Psychosomatic Medicine 34 (1972):62–8。
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11.参见:S. C. Wooley,“Physiologic Versus Cognitive Factors in Short-Term Food Regulation in the Obese and Nonobese,” Psychosomatic Medicine 34 (1972):62–8。
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12.参见:Brian Wansink,James E. Painter,and Jill North,“Bottomless Bowls:Why Visual Cues of Portion Size May Influence Intake,” Obesity Research 13:1 (January 2005):93–100。
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13.见:Brian Wansink,Collin R. Payne,Pierre Chandon,and Paul Rozin,“The French Paradox Redux:Internal and External Cues of Meal Cessation” (2006)。
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14.在近 20 年中,关于人们对热量的预估偏差和肥胖者更夸大的偏差,众多学界大咖屡有报告。典型的研究案例包括:David Lansky and Kelly D. Brownell,“Estimates of Food Quantity and Calories:Errors in Self-Report Among Obese Patients,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35:4 (1982):727–32;M. Barbara,E. Livingstone,and Alison E. Black,“Markers of the Validity of Reported Energy Intake,” Journal of Nutrition 133:3 (2003):895S–920S;Janet A. Tooze,Amy F. Subar,Frances E. Thompson,Richard Troiano,Arthur Schatzkin,and Victor Kipnis,“Psychosocial Predictors of Energy Underreporting in a Large Doubly Labeled Water Study,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79:5 (2004):795– 804。
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15.参见:Shirley S. Wang,Kelly Brownell,and Thomas Wadden,“The Influence of the Stigma of Obesity on Overweight Individuals,” International Journal of Obesity 28:10 (October 2004):1333–1337。
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16.这是用一种压缩幂函数测算出来的。具体细节(包括运算方法)见:Pierre Chandon and Brian Wansink,“Obesity and the Calorie Underestimation Bias:A Psychophysical Model of Fast-Food Meal Size Estimation,” Journal of Marketing Research (2007)。
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17.关于饮食辅导有一些重要提示。见:Brian Wansink and Pierre Chandon “Meal Size,Not Body Size,Explains Food Calorie Estimation Errors,” Annals of Internal Medicine (September 2006)。所幸,我们还发现了减少热量预估偏差一个简单方法。预估一餐中每一项食物的热量(鸡肉、玉米、色拉等的热量)然后把它们相加,结果与准确数字的偏差往往只有 5%~10%。
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3. 餐厅景象研究
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