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8.一些研究者已经揭示了看电视和体重的相关性结果。包括:David A. Crawford,Robert W. Jeffery,and Simone A. French,“Television Viewing,Physical Inactivity and Obesity,” International Journal of Obesity 23:4 (April 1999):427–40;Natalie Stroebele and John M. DeCastro,“Television Viewing Is Associated with an Increase in Meal Frequency in Humans,” Appetite 42:1 (February 2004):111–113。
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9.引自下列一篇标题惊人的研究论文:Natalie Stroebele and John M. DeCastro,“Television Viewing Nearly Adds an Additional Meal to Daily Intake”。
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10.电视、阅读、电影和体育活动之类的消遣活动使人分心,感知不到饱足感的口腔感官信号。
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11.该调查由美国饮食学会康尼格拉食品基金会“家庭食品安全”计划委托进行。相关报道文章见:Nanci Hellmich,USA Today ,October 1,2004,p. 8D。
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12.参见:France Bellisle and Anne-Marie Dalix,“Cognitive Restraint Can Be Offset by Distraction,Leading to Increased Meal Intake in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (2001):197–200。
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13.该研究的样本规模多少令人有些吃惊。需要注意的是,它发表在一本声誉颇高的学术期刊上。现在揭晓吧。该研究的对象只有两位健忘症患者。其中一位在吃完第一顿后仅 10 分钟又开始吃第二顿,另一位是 30 分钟后吃的。见下列精彩文章:Paul Rozin,Sara Dow,Morris Moscovitch,and Suparna Rajaram,“What Causes Humans to Begin and End a Meal?A Role for Memory for What Has Been Eaten,as Evidenced by a Study of Multiple Meal Eating in Amnesic Patients,” Psychological Science 9 (1998):392–96。
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14.参见:Stanley L. Schachter,“Manipulated Time and Eating Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10 (1968):98–106;Harvey P. Weingarten,“Meal Initiation Controlled by Learned Cues:Basic Behavioral Properties,” Appetite 5 (1984):147–58;Judith Rodin,“Effects of Distraction on the Performance of Obese and Normal Subjects,” in ed.,S. Schachter and J. Rodin,Obese Humans and Rats (New York:Wiley & Sons,1974)。
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15.参见:Ronald E. Milliman,“The Influence of Background Music on the Behavior of Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Consumer Research 13:1(1986):286–89。此文虽然短小精悍,但我似乎常在不经意之间提起它。
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16.参见:Joseph G. Lavin and Harry T. Lawless,“Effects of Color and Odor on Judgments of Sweetness Among Children and Adults,” Food Quality and Preference 9 (1998):283。
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17.感谢伊利诺斯香槟市尼尔大街 1614 号哈迪斯餐厅(现为卡乐星餐厅)经理和员工的大力配合。
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18.离莫奈尔研究中心 3,200 多公里,是阿兰·赫奇(Alan Hirsch)博士在芝加哥的实验室。他的实验室初步证明,我们喜欢的气味类型多少与自己性格有些相关。见:Alan Hirsch, What Flavor Is Your Personality? Discover Who You Are by Looking at What You Eat (Naperville,IL:Sourcebooks,Inc.,2001)。
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19.谈到莫奈尔中心对感官研究的杰出贡献,这只是冰山一角。参见:Julie A. Mennella and Gary K. Beauchamp,“The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences,” in ed. Elizabeth D. Capaldi,Why We Eat What We Eat:The Psychology of Eating (Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association,1996)。
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20.参见:www.cinnabon.com,2006 年 2 月 17 日。
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21.关于感官的实地研究和实验室研究之间的差异,更多的背景资料请见:Caas de Graaf,Armand V. Cardello,F. Matthew Kramer,Larry L. Lesher,Herbert L. Meiselman,and Howard G. Schutz,“A Comparison Between Liking Ratings Obtained Under Laboratory and Field Conditions:The Role of Choice,” Appetite 44:1 (February 2005):15–22。
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22.参见:Diane Irons,The World’s Best-Kept Diet Secrets:Lose Weight Safely,and Permanently (Naperville,IL:Sourcebooks,Inc.,1998)。
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23.饥饿体温理论首先在 20 世纪 40 年代提出,见:John. R. Brobeck,“Food Intake as a Mechanism of Temperature Regulation,” Journal of Biology and Medicine 20 (1948):545–52。
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24.正因为此,赤道附近的居民往往比较瘦,他们的食物比拉普兰人或加拿大的梅迪辛哈特人的食物要辣得多。在炎热的天气中,辛辣食物会刺激胃口,让人吃得更多。它也会让人想喝更多的水。
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25.“大雨倾心”正体现了根据具体情况进行的暗示。这些暗示的影响力成了下列文章的立论基础:Brian Wansink and Michael L. Ray,“Advertising Strategies to Increase Usage Frequency,” Journal of Marketing 60:1 (January 1996):31–46。
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6. 名字的游戏
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1.科学地说,味觉是客观的,但我们对于味觉的判断是主观的。我们骗不了自己的味蕾,但却骗得了自己对味蕾所尝味道的感觉。
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2.见:Heli M. Tuorila,Herbert L. Meiselman,Armand V. Cardello,and Larry L. Lesher,“Effect of Expectations and the Definition of Product Category on Acceptance of Unfamiliar Foods,” Food Quality and Preference 9:6 (1998):421–430。
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3.这一先导测试为后来我们在暗室里提供气味冲突的柠檬和巧克力酸奶这一规模更大的研究起到了铺路作用。见:Brian Wansink,Alan O. Wright,and Collin R. Payne,“Olfactory Suggestiveness and Evaluation,” working paper。
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4.在 2001 年,我们实验室进行了一项大规模定量调查,研究“二战”对参战美国人饮食习惯的影响。比利是参与完调查的老兵之一,他手写了这个故事。关于“二战”研究的其他详情见第 8 章。
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5.参见:Brian Wansink,Collin R. Payne,James E. Painter,and Jill North,“What Is Beautiful Tastes Good:Visual Cues and Taste Evaluation,” Food Quality and Preference。
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6.下列这篇老辣的经典好文,最好地体现了世界一流餐厅厨房里的危险:Anthony Bourdain,Kitchen Confidential:Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly (New York:Ecco Press,HarperCollins,2000)。
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