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6.这个项目的主要目的是建立一种新的统计方法。关于汤品的预测只是一种测试方法。见:Brian Wansink and SeaBum Park,“Accounting for Taste:Prototypes that Predict Preference,” Journal of Database Marketing,7:4,(2000),308–20。
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7.参见:Brian Wansink,Steven Sonka,Peter Goldsmith,Jorge Chiriboga,and Nilgun Eren,“Increasing the Acceptance of Soy-Based Foods,” Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing 17:1 (2005):33–55。
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8.我还想知道,这些人当中有多少人是苹果电脑的用户。在 www.ConsumerPsychology.com 这一网站上,下载率一度最高的是在《美国人口统计》(American Demographics)上发表的一篇两页长的短文,见:Brian Wansink and Cynthia Sangerman,“Engineering Comfort Foods,” American Demographics (July 2000):66–67。
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9.参见:Brian Wansink and Cynthia Huffman,“A Framework for Revitalizing Mature Brands,” Journal of Brand and Product Management 10:4 (2001):228–42。
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10.部分摘自:Doris Wild Helmering and Dianne Hales,Think Thin,Be Thin (New York:Broadway Books,2004):77。
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11.参见:Brian Wansink,Koert van Ittersum,and Carolina Werle,“How Combat Influences Unfamiliar Food Preferences:Do Marines Eat Japanese Food?”。关于“二战”的消极联想同样影响了人们对德国菜的态度,这也是斯旺森的电视晚宴“巴伐利亚醋焖牛肉、红甘蓝面疙瘩”据称是在 20 世纪 50 年代末惨遭失败的原因之一。
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12.实际上,研究结果不尽如人意,对我们来说已经司空见惯。在一些案例中,我们出了错,比如在“续汤碗”的研究中用的鸡汤面条堵住了续汤的管子。在另一些案例中,有意外发生,比如有人把一个价值 1,400 美元的无线磅秤撸下了桌子。还有一些情况,只能怪我们的研究设计得不够巧妙,不足以达成清晰的答案。这就是我们反复做那么多事的缘故。
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8. 营养把关人
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1.参见:Brian Wansink and Keong-mi Lee,“Cooking Habits Provide a Key to 5 a Day Success,” Journal of the American Dietetic Assocation 104:11 (November 2004):1648–50。
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2.参见:Brian Wansink,“Focus on Nutritional Gatekeepers and the 72% Solution,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association,(September 2006)。有趣的是,我们跟各种不一样的人群反复做过这个测试。厨艺好的人、不下厨的人、年轻的父母、空巢老人、祖母、单身母亲等。他们各有不同,但最后的估计都在 72% 左右。
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3.参见:Brian Wansink and Randall Westgren,“Profiling Taste-Motivated Segments,” Appetite 41:3 (December 2003):323–27;Brian Wansink and JaeHak Cheong,“Taste Profiles that Correlate with Soy Consumption in Developing Countries,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1:6 (December 2002):276–78;Brian Wansink and Keong-mi Lee,“Cooking Habits Provide a Key to 5 a Day Success”。
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4.参见:Brian Wansink,“Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers:Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” Food Quality and Preference 14:4 (June 2003):289–297。
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5.当“营养把关人”研究首度发表时,评审人希望我们更注重方法而不是计算百分比。见:Brian Wansink,“Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers:Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” FoodQualityandPreference14:4(June2003):289–297。百分比参见 Brian Wansink,Marketing Nutrition:Soy,Functional Foods,Biotechnology,and Obesity (Champaign:University of Illinois Press,2005)。
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6.参见:Brian Wansink,Ganaël Bascoul,and Gary T. Chen,“The Sweet Tooth Hypothesis:How Fruit Consumption Relates to Snack Consumption,” Appetite,31:2 (June 2006)。
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7.在家吃饭挑食?振作点。持之以恒终有回报。尝一口不会要人命。利恩·伯奇教授已经证明了,尝一口的次数可能会多达 15 次,但最终孩子们会接受更丰富的口味,而不是只喜欢薯条、冰淇淋和果冻。
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8.参见:Julie A. Mennella and Gary K. Beauchamp,“The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences” in ed. Elizabeth D. Capaldi,Why We Eat What We Eat:The Psychology of Eating (Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association,1996)。
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9.这一纵向研究包括了对照组、分组日志和可信性确认,这些补充解释听起来都很乏味。凤尾鱼(新鲜的、不是腌制的)也许太夸张了,但是请放心,吃得很开心的小朋友可不止我女儿奥黛丽一个人。还有一点很重要:不要用可能引起窒息的食物,比如爆米花、坚果、薯片、整穗玉米、莓果、葡萄、热狗、生蔬菜、葡萄干以及片状干麦片。请关注 www.MindlessEating.org,及时了解该定组研究的最新进展。
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8.参见:Julie A. Mennella and Gary K. Beauchamp,“The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences” in ed. Elizabeth D. Capaldi,Why We Eat What We Eat:The Psychology of Eating (Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association,1996)。
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10.这是经典之作:Sibylle K. Escalona,“Feeding Disturbances in Very Young Children,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 15 (1945):76–80。
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11.参见:See T. M. Field,R. Woodson,R. Greenberg,and D. Cohen,“Discrimination and Imitation of Facial Expressions by Neonates,” Science 218 (1982):179–181。
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12.感谢下面这本激发灵感的好书提供的例子:Alexandra Logue,The Psychology of Eating and Drinking,3rd edition (New York:Brunner-Routledge,2005)。
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13.参见:F. Baeyens,D. Vansteenwegen,J. De Houwer,and G. Crombex,“Observational Conditioning of Food Valence in Humans,” Appetite 27 (1996):235–50。
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14.这方面最值得关注的研究大多出自利恩·伯奇。见:Leann L. Birch,“Generalization of a Modified Food Preference,” Child Development 52 (1981):755–58。
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15.参见:Kathleen M. Pike and Judith Rodin,“Mothers,Daughters,and Disordered Eating,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100 (1991):198–204。
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16.摘自美国饮食学会Dieting for Dummies (Hoboken,NJ:Wiley & Sons,2004)。
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