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Wolfram, S. Universality and complexity in cellular automata.Physica D,10,1984,pp.1—35.
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Wolfram, S. Twenty problems in the theory of cellular automata.Physica Scripta,T9,1985,pp.170—183.
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Wolfram, S.A New Kind of Science.Champaign, IL:Wolfram Media,2002.
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Wright, R. Did the universe just happen?Atlantic Monthly,April 1988,pp.29—44.
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Yoon, C. K.From a few genes, life’s myriad shapes.New York Times,June 26,2007.
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Yule, G. U.A mathematical theory of evolution, based on the conclusions of Dr.J.C.Willis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,Ser.B,213,1924,pp.21—87.
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Ziff, E. and Rosenfield, I.Evolving evolution.The New York Reviewof Books,53(8),May 11,2006.
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Zipf, G. K.Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1932.
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Zuse, K. Rechnender Raum.Braunschweig:Friedrich Vieweg&Sohn,1969.English translation:Calculating Space.Cambridge, MA:MIT Technical Translation AZT-70-164-GEMIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(Project MAC),02139,February 1970.
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Zykov, V. Mytilinaios, E.,Adams, B.,and Lipson, H.Self-reproducing machines.Nature,435,2005,pp.163—164.
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复杂 [1]还原论:Hofstadter, D.R.,Gödel, Escher, Bach:an Eternal Golden Braid.New York:Basic Books,1979,p.312。
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[2]“将面临的所有问题尽可能地细分”:Descartes, R.,A Discourse on the Method.Ian Maclean英文翻译。Oxford:Oxford University Press,1637/2006,p.17。
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[3]“大部分大的基本原理似乎”:引自Horgan, J.,The Endof Science:Facingthe Limitsof Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientifc Age.Reading, MA:Addison—Wesley,1996,p.19。
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[4]“科学中涌现的综合”:会议文集已结集出版:Pines, D.,Emerging Syntheses in Science.Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1988。
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[5]“致力于研究各种高度复杂和相互作用的系统”;“推动知识的统一”:G.Cowan, Plans for the future.收录于Pines, D.,Emerging Syntheses in Science.Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1988,pp.235,237。
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[6]“主题为‘涌现计算’的研讨会”:会议文集已结集出版:Forrest, S.,Emergent Computation.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,1991。
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[7]“科学已经探索了微观和宏观世界”:Pagels, H.,The Dreams of Reason。New York:Simon&Schuster,1988,p.12。
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[8]“一些思想是由简单的思想组合而成”:Locke, J.,An Essay Concerning Human Understanding。P.H.Nidditch编辑。Oxford:Clarendon Press,1690/1975,p.2.12.1。
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[9]“几十万只行军蚁”:这段对行军蚁习性的介绍是根据以下来源整理:Franks, N.R.,Army ants:A collective intelligence.American Scientist,77(2),1989,pp.138—145;以及H lldobler, B.Wilson, E.O.,The Ants.Cambridge, MA:Belknap Press,1990。
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[10]“单只行军蚁”:Franks, N.R.,Army ants:A collective intelligence.American Scientist,77(2),1989,pp.138—145。
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[11]“具有所谓‘集体智能’的‘超生物’”:例如,H lldobler, B.Wilson, E.O.,The Ants.Cambridge, MA:Belknap Press,1990,p.107。
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[12]“我研究了布氏游蚁”:Franks, N.R.,Army ants:A collective intelligence.American Scientist,77(2),1989,p.140。
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[13]“侯世达在《哥德尔、艾舍尔、巴赫——集异璧之大成》一书中”:Hofstadter, D.R.,Ant fugue。见Gödel, Escher, Bach:an Eternal Golden Braid.New York:Basic Books,1979。
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