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[199]“元规范能促进并保持群体中的合作”:Axelrod, R.,An evolutionary approach to norms.American Political Science Review,80(4),1986,pp.1095—1111。
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[200]“诺瓦克同他的博士后导师梅一起进行了计算机仿真”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.Nature,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[201]“我们认为,群体中确定的空间结构对合作的进化可能很重要”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.#Nature#,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[202]“混沌性变化”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.#Nature#,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[203]“地域性有利于合作”:Sigmund, K.,On prisoners and cells,#Nature#,359(6398),1992,p.774。
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[204]“霍兰德曾把这种模型比作‘飞行模拟器’”:Holland, J.H.,Emergence:From Chaos to Order.Perseus Books,1998,p.243。”
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[205]“被用来帮助改进P2P网络”:例如,Hales, D.&Arteconi, S.,SLACER:A Self-Organizing Protocol for Coordination in Peer-to-Peer Networks.IEEE Intelligent Systems,21(2),2006,pp.29—35。
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[206]“在电子商务中防止欺诈”:例如,参见Kollock, P.,The production of trust in online markets.收录在E.J.Lawler, M.Macy, S.Thyne,&H.A.Walker(编辑),Advancesin Group Processes,Vol.16.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press,1999。
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[207]“诺瓦克在题为《合作进化的5条规则》的文章中所做的工作”:Nowak, M.A.,Five rules for the evolution of cooperation.Science,314(5805),2006,pp.1560—1563。
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[208]“新能源金融……最近公布了一份报告”:Liebreich, M.,How to Save the Planet:Be Nice, Retaliatory, Forgiving,&Clear.White Paper, New Energy Finance, Ltd.,2007。(http://www.newenergyfinance.com/docs/Press/NEF_WP_Carbon-Game-Theory_05.pdf)
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[209]“对政府制定应对恐怖主义、军备控制和环境治理等问题的政策也有影响”:例如,参见Cupitt, R.T.,Target rogue behavior, not rogue states.The Nonproliferation Review,3,1996,pp.46—54;Cupitt, R.T.&Grillot, S.R.,COCOM is dead, long live COCOM:Persistence and change in multilateral security institutions.British Journalof Political Science27,7,pp.361—389;以及Friedheim, R.L.,Ocean governance at the millennium:Where we have been, where we should go:Cooperation and discord in the world economy.Ocean and Coastal Management,42(9),1999,pp.747—765。
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[210]“生物多样性的维持和细菌制造新抗生素的效率问题”:例如,Nowak, M.A.&Sigmund, K.,Biodiversity:Bacterial game dynamics.Nature,418,2002,pp.138—139;Wiener, P.,Antibiotic production in a spatially structured environment.Ecology Letters,3(2),2000,pp.122—130。
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[211]“所有模型都是错的,但是有一些有用”:Box, G.E.P.&Draper, N.R.,Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces.New York:Wiley 1997,p.424。
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[212]“可重复性是科学积累的基石”:Axelrod R.,Advancing the art of simulation in the social sciences.收录在Conte, R.,Hegselmann, R.,Terna, P.(编辑),Simulating Social Phenomena.(Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 456).Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1997。
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[213]“胡伯尔曼和格兰斯重复了诺瓦克和梅的空间囚徒困境模型”:Huberman, B.A.&Glance, N.S.,Evolutionary games and computer simulations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,USA,90,1993,pp.7716—7718。
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[214]“穆科吉、拉詹和斯莱格勒也独立得到了类似的结果”:Mukherji, A.,Rajan, V.,&Slagle, J.R.,Robustness of cooperation.Nature,379,1996,pp.125—126。
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[215]“诺瓦克、梅和他们的合作者博恩霍艾弗则回应说”:Nowak, M.A.,Bonhoeffer, S.,&May, R.M.,Spatial games and the maintenance of cooperation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,91,1994,pp.4877—4881;Nowak, M.A.,Bonhoeffer, S.,&May, R.M.,Reply to Mukherji et al.Nature,379,1996,p.126。
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[216]“加兰和利兹奎尔多发表了他们重复阿克塞尔罗德的规范和元规范模型实验的结果”:Galan, J.M.&Izquierdo, L.R.,Appearances can be deceiving:Lessons learned re-implementing Axelrod’s‘Evolutionary Approaches to Norms.’Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,8(3),2005。(http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/3/2.html)
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[217]“建模的艺术就是去除实在中与问题无关的部分”:Anderson, Nobel Prize acceptance speech,1977。
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[218]“在爱希莉亚”:引自Calvino, I.Invisible Cities.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1974,p.76。(英文翻译W.Weaver)
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[219]“网络科学”:本章部分内容源自Mitchell, M.,Complex systems:Network thinking.Artificial Intelligence,170(18),2006,pp.1194—1212.
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[220]“米尔格兰姆记述了一个例子”:引自Milgram, S.,The small-world problem.Psychology Today,1,1967,pp.61—67。
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[221]“后来心理学家柯兰菲尔德研究发现”:参见Kleinfeld, Could it be a big world after all?Society,39,2002。
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[222]“我们文化的传奇”:Kleinfeld, J.S.,Six degrees:Urban myth?Psychology Today,74,March/April 2002。
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[223]“当人们发现出人意料的社会关系时”:Kleinfeld, J.S.,Could it be a big world after all?The“six degrees of separation”myth.Society,39,2002。
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