打字猴:1.70106976e+09
1701069760 [257]“美国海关计算机系统崩溃了近10个小时”:参见Schlossberg, D.“LAX Computer Crash Strands International Passengers.”Consumer Affairs.com,2007年8月13日(http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news 04/2007/08/lax_computers.html);以及Schwartz, J.,“Who Needs Hackers?”New York Times,2007年9月12日。
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1701069762 [258]“美国长期资本管理公司”:参见,例如,Government Accounting Office,Long-Term Capital Management:Regulators Need to Focus Greater Attention on Systemic Risk.Report to Congressional Request,1999(http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GGD-00-3);以及Coy, P.,Woolley, S.,Spiro, L.N.,&Glasgall, W.,Failed wizards of Wall Street.Business Week,1998年9月21日。
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1701069764 [259]“威胁来自复杂性本身”:安东诺普洛斯,引自Schwartz, J.,“Who Needs Hackers?”New York Times,2007年9月12日。
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1701069766 [260]“自组织临界性”:对SOC的介绍,参见Bak, P.,How Nature Works:The Science of Self-Organized Criticality.New York:Springer,1996。
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1701069768 [261]“高容错性”:对HOT的介绍,参见Carlson, J.M.&Doyle, J.,Complexity and robustness.Proceedingsofthe National Academyof Science,USA99,2002,pp.2538—2545。
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1701069770 [262]“对于网络的动力学之谜”:Watts, D.J.,Six Degrees:The Science of a Connected Age.New York:W.W.Norton,2003,p.161。
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1701069772 [263]“表面积与体积的2/3次幂呈比例”:记体积为V,表面积为S,半径为r。V正比r  3  ,因此V的立方根正比于半径。表面积正比于r  2  ,因此正比于体积立方根的平方,也就是V  2/3  。
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1701069774 [264]“在双对数图上幂律曲线表现为直线,而直线的斜率则等于幂律的指数”:在这个例子中,幂律为:代谢率∝体重  3/4  ,两边同时取对数,得到:log(代谢率)∝3/4 log(体重)。这是斜率为3/4的直线方程,如果以log(代谢率)和log(体重)为轴作图,画出来就是图17.2那样。
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1701069776 [265]“恩奎斯特后来用‘放烟火’来描述他们的数学结果”:Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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1701069778 [266]“你应当在两个不同的尺度上思考”:韦斯特,引自Mackenzie, D.,Biophysics:New clues to why size equals destiny.Science,284(5420),1999,pp.1607—1609。
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1701069780 [267]“推导出指数为3/4的模型细节相当复杂”:对代谢比例模型的一个专业但不难理解的阐释参见West, G.B.&Brown, J.H.,Life’s universal scaling laws.Physics Today,57(9),2004,pp.36—43。
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1701069782 [268]“虽然生物是三维的”:West, G.B.,Brown, J.H.,&Enquist, B.J.,The fourth dimension of life:Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms.Science,284,pp.1677—1679。
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1701069784 [269]“有统一整个生物学的潜力”:Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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1701069786 [270]“对于生物学的重要性就好比牛顿的发现对于物理学的重要性”:Niklas, K.J.,Size matters!Trends in Ecology and Evolution,16(8),2001,p.468。
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1701069788 [271]“可以预见,广义代谢理论的涌现对于生物学的重要性将类似于遗传理论”:West, G.B.&Brown, J.H.,The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems:Towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization.Journalof Experimental Biology,208,2005,pp.1575—1592。
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1701069790 [272]“甚至有人认为克莱伯根本就是错的”:对代谢比例理论的各种批评的综述,参见Agutter P.S&Wheatley, D.N.,Metabolic scaling:Consensus or Controversy?Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling,18,2004,pp.283—289。
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1701069792 [273]“人们对于所涉及的生理细节了解得越多”:H.Horn,引自Whitfield, J.,All creatures great and small.Nature,413,2001,pp.342—344。
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1701069794 [274]“事情简单当然很好”:穆勒—兰道,引自Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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1701069796 [275]“另外还有人认为代谢比例理论的数学有错误”:例如,Kozlowski, J.&Konarzweski, M.,Is West, Brown and Enquist’s model of allometric scaling mathematically correct and biologically relevant?Functional Ecology,18,2004,pp.283—289。
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1701069798 [276]“研究组坚持自己的立场,他们对吹毛求疵的批评意见感到沮丧”:例如,参见West, G.B.,Brown, J.H.,&Enquist, B.J.,Yes, West, Brown and Enquist’s model of allometric scaling is both mathematically correct and biologically relevant.(Reply to Kozlowski and Konarzweski,2004.)Functional Ecology,19,2005,pp.735—738;以及Borrell, B.,Metabolic theory spat heats up.The Scientist(News),November 8,2007。(http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53846/)。
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1701069800 [277]“我的内心不会向这些在我脚边乱吠的小狗屈服”:韦斯特,引自Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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1701069802 [278]“我想韦斯特和恩奎斯特等人不会一直重复他们的观点”:穆勒—兰道,引自Borrell, B.,Metabolic theory spat heats up.The Scientist(News),November 8,2007。(http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53846/)
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1701069804 [279]“比‘正态’还要正态”;“在复杂的自然和工程系统中获得的数据中发现(幂律)分布”:Willinger, W.,Alderson, D.,Doyle, J.C.,&Li, L.,More‘normal’than normal:Scaling distributions and complex systems.收录在R.G.Ingalls等,Proceedingsofthe2004Winter Simulation Conference,pp.130—141.Piscataway, NJ:IEEE Press,2004。
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1701069806 [280]“这个关系现在被称为齐普夫定律”:齐普夫最初发表这项研究是在一本书中:Zipf, G.K.,Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1932。
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1701069808 [281]“曼德布罗特从信息量的角度提出了不同的解释”:Mandelbrot.B.,An informational theory of the statistical structure of languages.收录在W.Jackson(编辑),Communicaiton Theory,Woburn, MA:Butterworth,1953,pp.486—502。
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