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[268]“虽然生物是三维的”:West, G.B.,Brown, J.H.,&Enquist, B.J.,The fourth dimension of life:Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms.Science,284,pp.1677—1679。
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[269]“有统一整个生物学的潜力”:Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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[270]“对于生物学的重要性就好比牛顿的发现对于物理学的重要性”:Niklas, K.J.,Size matters!Trends in Ecology and Evolution,16(8),2001,p.468。
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[271]“可以预见,广义代谢理论的涌现对于生物学的重要性将类似于遗传理论”:West, G.B.&Brown, J.H.,The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems:Towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization.Journalof Experimental Biology,208,2005,pp.1575—1592。
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[272]“甚至有人认为克莱伯根本就是错的”:对代谢比例理论的各种批评的综述,参见Agutter P.S&Wheatley, D.N.,Metabolic scaling:Consensus or Controversy?Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling,18,2004,pp.283—289。
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[273]“人们对于所涉及的生理细节了解得越多”:H.Horn,引自Whitfield, J.,All creatures great and small.Nature,413,2001,pp.342—344。
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1701069794
[274]“事情简单当然很好”:穆勒—兰道,引自Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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[275]“另外还有人认为代谢比例理论的数学有错误”:例如,Kozlowski, J.&Konarzweski, M.,Is West, Brown and Enquist’s model of allometric scaling mathematically correct and biologically relevant?Functional Ecology,18,2004,pp.283—289。
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[276]“研究组坚持自己的立场,他们对吹毛求疵的批评意见感到沮丧”:例如,参见West, G.B.,Brown, J.H.,&Enquist, B.J.,Yes, West, Brown and Enquist’s model of allometric scaling is both mathematically correct and biologically relevant.(Reply to Kozlowski and Konarzweski,2004.)Functional Ecology,19,2005,pp.735—738;以及Borrell, B.,Metabolic theory spat heats up.The Scientist(News),November 8,2007。(http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53846/)。
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[277]“我的内心不会向这些在我脚边乱吠的小狗屈服”:韦斯特,引自Grant, B.,The powers that be.The Scientist,21(3),2007。
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[278]“我想韦斯特和恩奎斯特等人不会一直重复他们的观点”:穆勒—兰道,引自Borrell, B.,Metabolic theory spat heats up.The Scientist(News),November 8,2007。(http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53846/)
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[279]“比‘正态’还要正态”;“在复杂的自然和工程系统中获得的数据中发现(幂律)分布”:Willinger, W.,Alderson, D.,Doyle, J.C.,&Li, L.,More‘normal’than normal:Scaling distributions and complex systems.收录在R.G.Ingalls等,Proceedingsofthe2004Winter Simulation Conference,pp.130—141.Piscataway, NJ:IEEE Press,2004。
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1701069806
[280]“这个关系现在被称为齐普夫定律”:齐普夫最初发表这项研究是在一本书中:Zipf, G.K.,Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1932。
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1701069808
[281]“曼德布罗特从信息量的角度提出了不同的解释”:Mandelbrot.B.,An informational theory of the statistical structure of languages.收录在W.Jackson(编辑),Communicaiton Theory,Woburn, MA:Butterworth,1953,pp.486—502。
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[282]“西蒙也提出了一种解释”:Simon, H.A.,On a class of skew distribution functions.Biometrika,42(3—4),1955,p.425。
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[283]“对于曼德布罗特和西蒙的解释哪个正确,争论很激烈”:Mitzenmacher, M.,A brief history of generative models for power law and lognormal distributions.Internet Mathematics,1(2),2003,pp.226—251。
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[284]“心理学家乔治·米勒使用简单的概率论证明”:Miller, G.A.,Some effects of intermittent silence.The American Journal of Psychology,70,1957,pp.311—314。
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[285]“可动遗传因子”:关于可动遗传因子对大脑多样性的可能作用,有一篇专业文献是Muotri, A.R.,Chu, V.T.,Marchetto, M.C.N.,Deng, W.,Moran, J.V.&Gage, F.H.,Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition.Nature,435,2005,pp.903—910。
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[286]“最近一组科学哲学家和生物学家进行了一项调查”:Pearson, H.,What is a gene?Nature,441,2006,pp.399—401。
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[287]“对分子遗传学越专长的学者”:同上。
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1701069822
[288]“胚胎发育期缺乏必需的甲基化”:参见,例如,Dean, W.,Santos, F.,Stojkovic, M.,Zakhartchenko, V.,Walter, J.,Wolf, E.,&Reik, W.,Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development:Aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos.Proceedingsofthe National Academy of Science,USA,98(24),2001,pp.13734—13738。
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[289]“DNA转录为RNA之后很大部分最终都没有被译码成蛋白质”:参见,例如,Mattick, J.S.,RNA regulation:A new genetics?Nature Reviews:Genetics,5,2004,pp.316—323;Grosshans, H.&Filipowicz, W.,The expanding world of small RNAs.Nature,451,2008,pp.414—416。
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[290]“非编码RNA的作用是目前遗传学中一个非常活跃的研究领域”:对这个领域目前的一些研究和争议的讨论,参见Hüttenhofer, A.,Scattner, P.,&Polacek, N.,Non-coding RNAs:Hope or Hype?Trends in Genetics,21(5),2005,pp.289—297。
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[291]“基因独立运作的想法是1976年之后形成的”:Caruso, D.,A challenge to gene theory, a tougher look at biotech.New York Times,2007年7月1日。
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[292]“编码了特定的功能性产物”:美国专利权法,引自同上。
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