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[80] D. Crane,Scott of the Antarctic:A Life of Courage and Tragedy in the Extreme South (New York:Harper Percival,2006),45.
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[81] J.-U. Krause,Spätantike Patronatsformen im Westen des römischen Reiches ,Vestigia 38 (Munich:C. H. Beck,1987),20-67;P.Garnsey,“Roman Patronage,” in From the Tetrarchs tothe Theodosians:Later Roman History and Culture,284-450 CE. For John Matthews on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday ,Yale Classical Studies 34,ed. S. McGill,C. Sogno,and E. Watts(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010),33-54 at pp. 47-53.
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[82]Calendar of 354 ,ed. T. Mommsen,Chronica Minora ,MGH:Auctores Antiquissimi 9 (Berlin:Weidmann,1892),1:47.
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[83] Augustine,Contra academicos 2.2.2;see Lepelley,Les cités de l’Afrique romaine ,2:176-82.
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[84] Augustine,Confessions 5.13.23;新的研究参见J.V. Ebbeler and C. Sogno,“Religious Identity and the Politics of Patronage:Symmachus and Augustine,” Historia 56 (2007):230-42。
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[85] Augustine,Confessions 6.11.19.
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[86] Augustine,Confessions 6.9.15.
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[87] Augustine,Confessions 6.10.16.
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[88] J.F. Matthews,“The Letters of Symmachus,” in Latin Literature of the Fourth Century ,ed. J.W.Binns (London:Routledge,1974),58-99;R.B.E. Smith,“‘Restored Utility,Eternal City’:Patronal Imagery at Rome in the Fourth Century AD,” in “Bread and Circuses”:Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy ,ed. K. Lomas and T. Cornell (London:Routledge,2003),142-66;C. Sogno,“Roman Matchmaking,” in From the Tetrarchs to the Theodosians ,51-71 at pp. 63-66.
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[89] M. Harlow,“Clothes Maketh the Man:Power Dressing and Elite Masculinity in the Later Roman World,” in Gender in the Early Medieval World:East and West,300-900 ,ed. L. Brubakerand J.M.H. Smith (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004),44-69 at pp. 44-54;针对略晚时段的研究,参见P. von Rummel,“Habitus Vandalorum?Zur Frage nach einer gruppen-spezifischen Kleidung der Vandalen in Afrika,” Antiquité tardive 10 (2002):131-141。“蛮族”服饰是廷臣和狩猎者的服饰,不限于汪达尔人。参见新的研究P. von Rummel,Habitus barbarus:Kleidung und Repräsentation spätantiker Eliten im 4.und 5. Jahrhundert ,Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde,Ergänzungsband 55 (Berlin:de Gruyter,2007),401-7。
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[90] R. MacMullen,“Some Pictures in Ammianus Marcellinus,” Art Bulletin 46 (1964),后收入Changes in the Roman Empire:Essays in the Ordinary (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990),78-106;F. Morelli,“Tessuti e indumenti nel contesto economico tardoantico:I prezzi,” Antiquité tardive 12 (2004):55-78。
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[91]Life of Melania 19 and 21,Gorce,pp. 164,172,Clark,pp. 41,44;Liber Pontificalis 42:Innocent I ,trans. R. Davis,The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis):The Ancient Biographies of the First Ninety Roman Bishops to AD 715 (Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,1989),31.
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[92]Pap. Ital. 8.III.7-13,ed. and trans. J.-O. Tjäder,Die nichtliterarischen Papyri Italiens aus der Zeit 445-700 ,Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom 4.19 (Lund:Gleerup,1955),242.
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[93] C. Witschel and B. Borg,“Veränderungen im Repräsentationsverhalten der römischen Eliten während des 3. Jhrdts. n. Chr.,” Inschriftliche Denkmäler als Medien der Selbstdarstellung in der römischen Welt ,ed. G. Alföldy and S. Panciera (Stuttgart:F. Steiner,2001),47-120 at pp. 97-99.
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[94] H. Maguire,“The Good Life,” in Late Antiquity:A Guide to the Postclassical World ,ed. G. W. Bowersock,P. Brown,and O. Grabar (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1999),238-57 at pp. 242-43.
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[95] 参见M. Kulikowski,Late Roman Spain and Its Cities (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2004),137-47,关于斗牛场庄园(科尔多瓦)的当地砂岩和粉刷做工,与卡兰克(托莱多)用真正的皇家方式打造取自东部的大理石之间的对比。
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[96] J.W. Salomonson,“Late Roman Earthenware with Relief Decoration Found in Northern-Africa and Egypt,” Oudheidkundige Mededelingen 43 (1962):53-95;J. Spier,“A Lost Consular Diptych of Anicius Auchenius Bassus (A.D. 408) in the Mould for an ARS Plaque,” Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003):251-54. 关于克里斯·贾里特在伦敦的德雷珀花园(Draper’s Gardens)发现的包括19个黄铜-铅合金餐具的囤藏,参见G. Cleland,“Unearthed after 1,600 Years,Dinner Set Hidden by Fleeing Romans,” Daily Telegraph ,December 7,2007。
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[97] M.J. de Almeida and A. Carvalho,“Villa romana da Quinta das Longas (Elvas,Portugal):A lixeira baixo-imperial,” Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia 8 (2005):299-368.感谢我的学生Damian Fernández提醒我注意这条新闻。
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[98] I. Baldini Lippolis,La domus tardoantica:Forme e rappresentazioni dello spazio domestico nelle città del Mediterraneo (Imola:University Press of Bologna,2001),73.
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[99] R. Bland and C.Johns,The Hoxne Treasure:An Illustrated Introduction (London:British Museum Press,1993),frontispiece.
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[100] J.T. Smith,Roman Villas:A Study in Social Structure (London:Routledge,1997),182-83.
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[101] L.M. Stirling,The Learned Collector:Mythological Statuettes and Classical Taste in Late Antique Gaul (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2003),128-33,190.
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[102] S.E. Cleary,The Ending of Roman Britain (London:Batsford,1989);Wickham,Framing the Early Middle Ages ,306-10.
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