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[45] R. Lizzi Testa,“Christian Emperor,Vestal Virgins and Priestly Colleges:Reconsidering the End of Roman Paganism,” Antiquité tardive 15 (2007):251-62 at pp. 254-56;Cameron,Last Pagans ,33-51.
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[46] Ambrose,Letter 17.9,trans. J.W.H.G. Liebeschuetz (with C. Hill),Ambrose of Milan:Political Letters and Speeches (Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,2006),66.特别参见 Lizzi Testa,“Christian Emperor,Vestal Virgins,” 258;and R. M. Errington,Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2006),200-204。
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[47] Sogno,Symmachus ,49.
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[48] Symmachus,Relatio 3,translated by R. H. Barrow,Prefect and Emperor:The Relationes of Symmachus,A.D. 384 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973),34-47;现在的译本有Liebeschuetz,Ambrose of Milan ,71-78。最出色的注疏在 Vera,Commento storico alle “Relationes” di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco ,12-53。
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[49]Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae ,no. 4934;A. D. Nock,“A diis electa :A Chapter in the Religious History of the Third Century,” Harvard Theological Review 23 (1930):251-74 at p. 273,现在收录于Essays on Religion and the Ancient World ,ed. Z. Stewart (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1972),1:252-70。
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[50] Symmachus,Letter 1.46.2,Callu,1:109.
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[51] Symmachus,Relatio 3.16,Barrow,p. 45.
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[52] Symmachus,Relatio 3.8 and 3.9,Barrow,pp. 39 and 41.
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[53] M.Edwards,“The Beginnings of Christianization,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine ,137-56 at pp. 141-42.
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[54] Symmachus,Relatio 3.3,Barrow,p. 37.
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[55] P.J. Coveney,introduction to France in Crisis ,1620-1675,ed. Coveney (Totowa,NJ:Rowman and Littlefield,1977),43.
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[56] Lizzi Testa,Senatori,popolo,papi ,447-54;参见Aurea Roma:Dalla città pagana alla città cristiana , ed. S. Ensoli and E. La Rocca (Rome:Bretschneider,2000),462-63。
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[57] A.D. Nock,“The Emperor’s Divine Comes,” Journal of Roman Studies 37 (1947):102-16,如今收录在Essays on Religion and the Ancient World ,653-75。
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[58] C.Roueché,“The Image of Victory:New Evidence from Ephesus,” Travaux et mémoires 14:Mélanges Gilbert Dagron ,ed. V. Déroche (Paris:Boccard,2002),527-46,esp. pp. 541-44.
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[59] Lizzi Testa,“Christian Emperor,Vestal Virgins,” 260.
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[60]Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae ,no. 4269. See Cameron,Last Pagans,143.
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[61] Cecconi,Governo imperiale e élites dirigenti ,141-56.
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[62] C.J. Goddard,“The Evolution of Pagan Sanctuaries in Late Antique Italy (Fourth-Sixth Centuries A.D.):A New Administrative and Legal Framework:A Paradox,” in Les cités de l’Italie tardo-antique (IVe -VIesiècle ),281-308;以及同一作者的“Au coeur du dialogue entre païens et chrétiens:L’‘adventus’ des sénateurs dans les cités de l’Antiquité tardive,” in Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire(IVth -VIth Century A.D.):The Breaking of a Dialogue ,Proceedings of the International Conference at the Monastery of Bosé,October 2008,ed. P. Brown and R. Lizzi Testa (Münster:Lit,2011),371-400。
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[63] D.E.Trout,“Lex and iussio:The Feriale Campanum and Christianity in the Theodosian Age,” in Law,Society,and Authority in Late Antiquity ,ed. R.W. Mathisen (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001),162-78. 现参见Cameron,Last Pagans ,59。
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穿过针眼:财富、西罗马帝国的衰亡和基督教会的形成,350~550年 [
:1701120087]
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穿过针眼:财富、西罗马帝国的衰亡和基督教会的形成,350~550年 第6章 “为了城市的利益而贪婪”:西玛库斯与罗马人民
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“罗马人民免于饥饿的保障”
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在370年,罗马城可能是地球上最大的人类聚集地。关于它的人口的估算各种各样,从50万到100万不等。[1] 能够比较准确地从官方档案中推测出的是,在不明确的庞大人口中,有12万到20万的罗马人民所依赖的是被送达罗马的约17.5万吨谷物,这些谷物主要是从非洲内陆地区收集的,从那里的沿岸城市被运往奥斯蒂亚港。大量征集的谷物是城市食品配给制——提供给罗马公民的食物供给——的核心部分。[2]
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罗马城依赖这种食物供给。可以想象,每一年,当成群结队的船只装载着配给食品慢慢地从非洲向意大利的海岸靠拢时,罗马大区长官和元老院都会等候在奥斯蒂亚的码头上。在这种情形下,当人们焦虑地眺望着波涛起伏的大海时,古代的宗教虔诚是真实存在的。这种事就发生在359年:
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