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保利努斯确保了关于基督徒财产的讨论现在在真正的富人之间展开。早在保利努斯定居诺拉、奥古斯丁定居希波之前,这场争论就已经在罗马持续了些许年头。在罗马,关于财富的讨论越来越望向大海以东,朝向想象出来的海外——埃及和圣地的苦修聚居地。有些人寄望当上罗马富人的苦修导师,由于他们的介入,这场争论变得更尖刻、更富戏剧性,他们并不总受人欢迎。要了解为什么会这样,我们必须退回到约一个世纪之前,从君士坦丁时期的基督教罗马说起。因为那一时期的发展使上层基督徒形成了不同的群体,在这一背景下,这些群体有的支持、有的拒斥勤勉而又令人难忘的哲罗姆。
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[1] Waddell,The Wandering Scholars ,2.
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[2] Waddell,The Wandering Scholars ,12。
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[3] Trout,Paulinus of Nola ;Mratschek,Der Briefwechsel ;C.Conybeare,Paulinus Noster:Self and Symbol in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola (New York:Oxford University Press,2000).
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[4] Siricius,Letter 1.10,PL 13:1143;Trout,Paulinus of Nola ,94-95.
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[5] Bowes,Private Worship,Public Values,and Religious Change ,154.
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[6] Brown,Body and Society ,370-73.
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[7] Augustine,De cura gerenda pro mortuis 19.
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[8] T.Lehmann,“Zu Alarichs Beutezug in Campanien:Ein neu entdecktes Gedicht des Paulinus Nolanus,” Römische Quartalschrift 93 (1998):181-99.
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[9] Uranius,De obitu Paulini 9,trans. Trout,Paulinus of Nola ,296.
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[10]Poem 21.419,Hartel,p. 172,Walsh,p. 186.
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[11] G.Otranto,“Paolino di Nola e il Cristianesimo dell’Italia Meridionale,” in Anchora vitae ,35-58 at p. 48.
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[12] Paulinus,Poem 20.312-87,Hartel,pp. 153-56,Walsh,pp. 167-70.
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[13] Paulinus,Poem 20.67-209,Hartel,pp. 145-50,Walsh,pp. 159-64;D. Trout,“Christianizing the Nolan Countryside:Animal Sacrifice at the Tomb of St. Felix,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 3 (1995):281-98.
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[14] A.Ferrua,“Graffiti di pellegrini alla tomba di San Felice,” Palladio ,n.s.,13 (1963):17-19.
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[15] C. Ebanista,Et manet in mediis quasi gemma intersita tectis:La basilica di S.Felice a Cimitile.Storia degli scavi,fasi edilizie,reperti ,Memorie dell’Accademia di archeologia,lettere e belle arti in Napoli 15 (Naples:Arte Tipografica,2003);T. Lehmann,Paulinus Nolanus und die Basilica Nova in CimitileNola:Studien zu einem zentralen Denkmal der spätantik-frühchristlichen Architektur (Wiesbaden:P. Reichert,2004).
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[16] Lehmann,Paulinus Nolanus und die Basilica Nova ,62,104.
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[17] P.Pensabene,“Marmi e reimpiego nel santuario di S. Felice a Cimitile,” in Cimitile e Paolino di Nola.La tomba di S.Felice e il centro di pellegrinaggio:Trent’anni di ricerche ,ed. H.Brandenburg and L. Ermini Pani (Città del Vaticano:Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana,2003),129-207.
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[18] Sidonius Apollinaris,Poem 22.158-203;尤其参见 M.M. Kiely,“The Interior Courtyard:The Heart of Cimitile/Nola,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 12 (2004):443-97 at p. 452n35;and J.Elsner,Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph:The Art of the Roman Empire,AD 100-450 (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998),255-59。
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[19] A.van den Hoek and J. J. Herrmann,“Paulinus of Nola,Courtyards,and Canthari,” Harvard Theological Review 93 (2000):173-219.
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[20] S. Ellis,“Shedding Light on Late Roman Housing,” in Housing in Late Antiquity ,283-302 at pp. 292-99.
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[21] Bowes,“Une coterie espagnole pieuse,” 255.
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[22] Symmachus,Letter 2.60.2,Callu,1:195.
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[23] R.Kaster,Emotion,Restraint,and Community in Ancient Rome (London:Oxford University Press,2005),13-27. 参见 Ammianus Marcellinus,Res gestae 16.8.8-9,它讲到一名大庄园主,就是因为生活奢华,所持礼节几近帝王,从而引发皇帝猜忌,进而导致他位于西班牙的“尊贵宅邸被毁”。
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[24] Bowes,Private Worship,Public Values,and Religious Change ,155-56. 在基督教中,这些形象之新参见 T. Lehmann,“Martinus und Paulinus in Primuliacum(Gallien):Zu den frühesten nachweisbaren Mönchsbildnissen (um 400) in einem Kirchenkomplex,” in Vom Kloster zum Klosterverband:Das Werkzeug der Schriftlichkeit ,ed. H. Keller and F.Neiske (Munich:W. Fink,1997),56-67。保利努斯就这些事致信苏尔皮奇乌斯·塞维鲁,其翻译与注疏参见R.C. Goldschmidt,Paulinus ’ Churches at Nola:Translation and Commentary (Amsterdam:North Holland,1940)。这一研究发生在近期的考古发掘之前,后者在很大程度上印证了保利努斯自述的贾米拉建筑工程。唉!可惜普利姆里亚库姆教堂没有保留下来。
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