打字猴:1.701128402e+09
1701128402 [4] Halsall,Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West ,331.
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1701128404 [5] Krautheimer,Three Christian Capitals ,107.
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1701128406 [6] Krautheimer,Rome:Profile of a City ,52-53.
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1701128408 [7] F. Marazzi,“Rome in Transition:Economic and Political Change in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries,” in Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West:Essays in Honour of Donald A. Bullough ,ed. J.M.H. Smith (Leiden:Brill,2000),21-41 at p. 22.
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1701128410 [8] Gillett,“Rome,Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors,” 145.
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1701128412 [9] Bowes,Private Worship,Public Values,and Religious Change ,72;Gillett,“Rome,Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors,” 145n53.
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1701128414 [10] R. Krautheimer,“The Architecture of Sixtus III:A Fifth-Century Renaissance?” in De artibus opuscula XL:Essays in Honor of Erwin Panofsky ,ed. M. Meiss (New York:University of Columbia Press,1961),291-302 仍然是这一观点的经典论述。参见J. Martin,Der Weg zur Ewigkeit führt über Rom:Die Frühgeschichte des Papsttums und die Darstellung der neutestamentlichen Heilsgeschichte im Triumphbogenmosaik von Santa Maria Maggiore in Rom (Stuttgart:Steiner,2010),109-71。
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1701128416 [11] Gillett,“Rome,Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors,” 145n53.
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1701128418 [12]Liber Pontificalis 46,Davis,p. 35.
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1701128420 [13] Leader-Newby,Silver and Society in Late Antiquity ,64-66.
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1701128422 [14] D. De Francesco,La proprietà fondiaria nel Lazio,secoli IV-VIII:Storia e topografia (Rome:Quasar,2004),289. 一份有关更多捐赠者的有力研究(教士在其中扮演重要角色)参见 Hillner,“Clerics,Property and Patronage.” 59n1,它提供的贵族庇护人的清单是不充分的——仅有12个名字,其中大部分是廷臣、官员和军人,没有贵族。
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1701128424 [15] Gerontius,VG 53,Gorce,p. 232.
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1701128426 [16] Brown,Power and Persuasion ,128-29. 这些说法出自 C.J. Halperin,Russia and the Golden Horde:The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (London:Tauris,1985),5。参见C. Ando,The Matter of the Gods:Religion and the Roman Empire (Berkeley:University of California Press,2008),149-86。读者应该知道 Cameron,Last Pagans ,231-72,567-626强烈反对这些人仍受多神教影响的观点。这个问题仍值得继续讨论。
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1701128428 [17] Arnobius Iunior,Commentaria in Psalmos 95,PL 53:464C (Paris:J.-P. Migne,1847).
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1701128430 [18] N.B. McLynn,“Crying Wolf:The Pope and the Lupercalia,” Journal of Roman Studies 98 (2008):161-75.
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1701128432 [19] s.v. “Asterius 11,” Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire ,2:173-74. 写于502年的Ennodius,Libellus pro synodo 133-34,ed. F. Vogel,MGH:Auctores Antiquissimi 7 (Berlin:Weidmann,1885),66-67声称施舍与执政官游行仪式同时举行。但是这种论断是在修辞上将多神教和基督教罗马并置得到的,并非在描述一种基督教行为融入了世俗仪式的现象。
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1701128434 [20] 这些数据的重要性首先在Mazzarino,Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo ,239中被指出,410年后的衰落可能被夸大了,因为376年的相关数字仍不清楚。详细的研究见 R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse,Mohammed,Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe:Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1983),48-51;Christie,From Constantine to Charlemagne ,58-61。
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1701128436 [21] Wickham,Framing the Early Middle Ages ,651-53,709-13.
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1701128438 [22] F. di Gennaro and F. Dell’Era,“Dati archeologici di età tardoantica del territorio dell’ insula inter duo flumina,” in Suburbium ,97-121 p. 120. 这是整卷都在重复的论点。(参见P. Pergola and J. Guyon的警告,pp. 170-71。)有关南部伊特鲁里亚,参见Hodges and Whitehouse,Mohammed,Charlemagne,and the Origins of Europe ,36-46。有关近期研究的综述,参见 H. Patterson,“The Tiber Valley Project:Archaeology,Comparative Survey and History,” in General Issues in the Study of Medieval Logistics:Sources,Problems and Methodologies ,ed. J.F. Haldon (Leiden:Brill,2006),93-117。
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1701128440 [23] Liebeschuetz,The Decline and Fall of the Roman City ,386:“在结果和其暗示的原因之间出现的延迟引出了一个令人感兴趣的问题。”
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1701128442 [24] Cassiodorus,Variae 11.39.1,trans. S.J.B. Barnish,Cassiodorus:Variae ,Translated Texts for Historians 12 (Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,1992),161. 读者应该了解 Cracco Ruggini,Economia e società,nell’ “Italia annonaria,” 315-16,以及J. Durliat,De la ville antique à la ville byzantine:Le problème des subsistences ,Collection de l’École française de Rome I 36 (Rome:Palais Farnèse,1990),104-7 从这条法令得出了不同的结论。杜尔利亚用它推断出罗马自410年以来至多减少了60%的人口;克拉科·如吉尼已经反驳了这一“不可接受”的结论。读者应该知道我们对410年以后罗马的相关看法都是基于这些不完全可靠的基础。
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1701128444 [25]Anonymus Valesianus 12.64;Procopius,Anecdota 26.29.
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1701128446 [26] Barnish,“Pigs,Plebeians and Potentes,” 161.
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1701128448 [27] Cracco Ruggini,Economia e società,nell’ “Italia annonaria,” 205-321,349-59.
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1701128450 [28] Sidonius Apollinaris,Letter 1.10;Barnish,“Pigs,Plebeians and Potentes,” 159-66.
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