打字猴:1.701128792e+09
1701128792
1701128793 通过对由波雷奇主教尤弗拉西(以前是克罗地亚伊斯特里亚的帕伦佐)重建于543年的方堂中的镶嵌画的研究,安·特瑞和亨利·马奎尔最有力地揭示出了这一转变。他们的悉心研究揭示了为这座建筑制作镶嵌画的艺术家们非比寻常的技巧。以6世纪的标准来看,这是一座大建筑,这一事实使尤弗拉西主教使用的经济手段愈加令人印象深刻。艺术家们以“技巧和节俭”开展他们的工作。[96] 他们节省地使用最贵重的镶嵌画片;他们在中心人物周围使用了这些材料,创造出了丰富多彩的色调;他们利用黄金“作为搭配,创造出了波纹状的、彩虹色的微光”,不过,这些黄金都精心地掺杂了普通的、廉价的石子,就是为了能够最大限度地缩减开支。[97] 特瑞和马奎尔悉心地观察每块镶嵌画,以及这座建筑的所有装饰品中贵重材料和普通材料混合而成的材料,这使我们现代人最大限度地进入了韦南提乌斯·福尔图纳图斯的诗歌营造的世界。我们在比之前更小的教堂里,然而,工匠们的卓越技术赋予了它们在此前更加繁荣而宏伟的方堂时代难以出现的事物:“产生神圣之光的明显的能力。”[98]
1701128794
1701128795 在这些建筑中,我们仍然能够看到委托建造它们的主教们的眼神。波雷奇主教尤弗拉西、以科勒西乌斯以及拉文纳圣维塔的马克西米安的形象以浓重的现实主义风格清晰地呈现。他们有着半剃胡子的下巴、皱起来的眉毛和大大的灰眼睛,引人瞩目地站在天堂中理想化的圣人和天使中间。[99] 他们都是懂得如何将荣耀带给6世纪西部教会的管理型主教。
1701128796
1701128797 [1] McCormick,Origins of the European Economy ,27-41;F.L. Cheyette,“The Disappearance of the Ancient Landscape and the Climatic Anomaly of the Early Middle Ages:A Question to Be Pursued,” Early Medieval Europe 16 (2008):127-65. 更谨慎的观点参见P. Squatriti,“The Floods of 589 and Climate Change at the Beginning of the Middle Ages:An Italian Microhistory,” Speculum 85 (2010):799-826 at pp. 812-19。许多学者觉得没有必要用“气候异常”来解释这一时代中的变化,参见T. Lewit,“Pigs,Presses and Pastoralism:Farming in the Fifth to Sixth Centuries,” Early Medieval Europe 17 (2009):77-91。
1701128798
1701128799 [2] Inglebert,Histoire de la civilisation romaine ,483.
1701128800
1701128801 [3] Augustine,Letter 125.2.
1701128802
1701128803 [4] Augustine,Letter 126.9.
1701128804
1701128805 [5] Augustine,Letter 185.9.36.
1701128806
1701128807 [6] U. Meyer,Soziales Handeln im Zeichen des “Hauses”:Zur Ökonomik in der Spätantike und im frühen Mittelalter (Göttingen:Vandenhouck and Ruprecht,1998),102-88;V. Toneatto,“I linguaggi della ricchezza nella testualità omiletica e monastica dal II al IV secolo,” in Economica monastica:Dalla disciplina del desiderio all’amministrazione razionale ,ed. V. Toneatto,P. Černic,and S. Paulitti (Spoleto:Centro di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo,2004),1-88.
1701128808
1701128809 [7] Augustine,Sermon 355.3.
1701128810
1701128811 [8] Lancel,Saint Augustin ,232. 现在参见O’Donnell,Augustine ,166-69。关于这一事件最好的概括是N.B. McLynn,“Administrator:Augustine in His Diocese,” in Companion to Augustine ,ed. M. Vessey (Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,forthcoming)。
1701128812
1701128813 [9] Augustine,Sermon 355.4.
1701128814
1701128815 [10] Council of Carthage of AD 525,lines 252-344,Concilia Africae ,pp. 278-81;D. Ganz,“The Ideology of Sharing:Apostolic Community and Ecclesiastical Property in the Early Middle Ages,” in Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages ,ed. W. Davies and P. Fouracre (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995),17-30.
1701128816
1701128817 [11] s.v. “Leporius 1,” Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire ,vol. 1,L’Afrique chrétienne (305-533),ed. A. Mandouze (Paris:CNRS,1982),634-35.
1701128818
1701128819 [12] Augustine,Sermon 356.10.
1701128820
1701128821 [13] 特别参见W. Klingshirn,Caesarius of Arles:The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994),72-82;Alciati,Monaci,vescovi e scuola ,147-76。
1701128822
1701128823 [14] Julianus Pomerius,De vita contemplativa 2.9,PL 59:453C.
1701128824
1701128825 [15] Julianus Pomerius,De vita contemplativa 2.9,PL 59:453B.
1701128826
1701128827 [16] Julianus Pomerius,De vita contemplativa 2.9,PL 59:454A.
1701128828
1701128829 [17] Y. Thomas,“La construction de l’unité civique:Choses publiques,choses communes et choses n’appartenant à personne et représentation,” Mélanges de l’école française de Rome:Moyen Age 114 (2002):7-39;H.R. Hagemann,Die Stellung der Piae Causae nach justinianischem Rechte ,Basler Studien zur Rechtsgeschichte 37 (Basel:Helbing and Lichtenhahn,1953),24,36;Marazzi,“Patrimonia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ,” 34;Hillner,“Families,Patronage and the Titular Churches of Rome,” 237-42.
1701128830
1701128831 [18]Codex Theodosianus 16.2.4 (AD 321).特别参见Barnes,Constantine and Eusebius ,50。
1701128832
1701128833 [19] S. Wood,The Proprietary Church in the Medieval West (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006),730.
1701128834
1701128835 [20] S. MacCormack,“Sin,Citizenship and the Salvation of Souls:The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late Roman and Post-Roman Society,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 39 (1997):644-73 at pp. 662-63.
1701128836
1701128837 [21] Salvian,Ad Ecclesiam 4.4.21 and 7.3.5,Lagarrigue,pp. 324 and 332.
1701128838
1701128839 [22]Cod. Iustinianianus 1.2.25.1 (530);比较Novella 131.9 (545)。参见Bruck,Kirchenväter und soziales Erbrecht ,120-22。
1701128840
1701128841 [23] E.g.,Augustine,Tractatus in ev. Iohannis 6.24.
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