1701499552

1701499553 (14) Armin Günther, “Sprache und Geschichte: Überlegungen zur Gegenstandsangemessenheit einer historischen Psychologie”, in Michael Sonntag and Gerd Jüttemann (eds.), Individuum und Geschichte: Beiträge zur Diskussion um eine “ Historische Psychologie” (Heidelberg: Asanger, 1993), 34—48, here 35.

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1701499555 (15) Catherine Lutz and Geoffrey M. White, “The Anthropology of Emotions”, Annual Review of Anthropology , 15 (1986), 405—436, here 406．另外，海伦娜· 弗拉姆（Helena Flam）认为有“建构主义方法和实证主义方法”，参见Helena Flam, Soziologie der Emotionen: Eine Einführung (Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 2002), 118。根据欧文· 林奇（Owen Lynch）的观点，“西方理性对情感的等级划分暗示了人类对动物、文化对自然的进一步等级划分”，参见Owen M. Lynch, “The Social Construction of Emotion in India”, in Lynch (ed.), Divine Passions:The Social Construction of Emotion in India (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 3—34, here 10。

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1701499557 (16) Mary-Jo Delvecchio Good, Byron J. Good, and Michael M. J. Fischer, “Introduction:Discourse and the Study of Emotion, Illness and Healing”, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 12/1 (1988), 1—7, here 2.

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1701499559 (17) 见Lutz and White, “Anthropology of Emotions”, 406, 429—430。

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1701499561 (18) Lorraine Daston and Gianna Pomata, “The Faces of Nature: Visibility and Authority”,in Daston and Pomata (eds.), The Faces of Nature in Enlightenment Europe (Berlin: BWV, 2003), 1—16, here 14.

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1701499563 (19) Maurice Bloch and Jean H. Bloch, “Women and the Dialectics of Nature in Eighteenth-Century French Thought”, in Carol P. MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern (eds.), Nature,Culture and Gender (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 25—41, here 27.

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1701499565 (20) 关于高尔顿对自然—文化二元对立的贡献，见Donald A. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain:1865—1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981)。

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1701499567 (21) Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft: Rede zum Antritt des Rectorats der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität Strassburg, gehalten am 1. Mai 1894 (3rd edn., Strasbourg, 1904)．又见民族学家约翰· 莱维特（John Leavitt）。他认为，情感研究一直受到一种徒劳的划分的阻碍，这种划分存在于一种由通则论科学研究的自然和一种由“意识形态科学”所负责的文化之间。参见John Leavitt, “Meaning and Feeling in the Anthropology of Emotions”, American Ethnologist , 23/3 (1996), 514—539, here 515。

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1701499569 (22) 洛林· 达斯顿与本书作者的对话（2009年6月25日），又见Jan Plamper and Benjamin Lazier, “Introduction: The Phobic Regimes of Modernity”, Representations , 110/1 (2010), 58—65, here 59。

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1701499571 (23) 我最重要的范本是特里· 伊格尔顿（Terry Eagleton）的Literary Theory: An Introduction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983)。

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1701499573 (24) 我们要感谢人种学家凯瑟琳· 卢茨，她用两句话对人类情感史做出了可能是最简明扼要的描述：“至少在过去的两千年里，西方社会对情感概念的广泛讨论通常是出于哲学、宗教、道德或最新的科学心理学的目的。其中包括柏拉图对快乐与善的关系的关注；斯多葛派认为激情天生就是邪恶的这一信条；早期的基督徒试图区分人类脆弱的情感和上帝的情感；霍布斯认为激情是行动的主要来源，自然地促进了战争与和平；卢梭认为自然的情感是有价值的，应该与文明产生的‘人为的’或虚假的情感相区分；19世纪的心理学家开始把情感看作心理生理学的本质，意识越来越不被认为是情感的重要组成部分。”参见Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 53。

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1701499575 (25) William James, “What Is an Emotion?”, Mind , 9/34 (1884), 188—205．从那以后，这个标题被多次使用，例如心理学家杰罗姆· 凯根（Jerome Kagan）的What Is Emotion?History, Measures, and Meanings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007)。

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1701499577 (26) 菲利普· 费希尔（Philip Fisher）描述了与情感有关的领域，尽管他没有给出时间顺序：“从一开始，我们对情感的认识和看法就是一个复杂的产物，在哲学、文学（尤其是史诗和悲剧）、医学、伦理学、修辞学、美学、法律和政治思想等领域的研究相互重叠，有时相互妨碍。在我们这个时代，进化生物学、心理学、人类学以及最近在大脑神经生物学方面的新研究，加上博弈论和经济学，尤其是哲学，延续了这种杂糅性，不同领域之间既共享，又相互依赖，有时相互干扰，甚至相互破坏，有时也相互合作。”参见Philip Fisher, The Vehement Passions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 7。

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1701499579 (27) 关于古希腊，见David Konstan, The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature ( Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2006);关于北美殖民地时期，见Nicole Eustace, Passion Is the Gale: Emotion, Power, and the Coming of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 481—486；关于19世纪的英国，见Thomas Dixon, From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)。

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1701499581 (28) 关于这种传播的过程，可以参考希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度三角中“癔症”的情感维度：Guy N. A. Attewell, Refiguring Unani Tibb: Plural Healing in Late Colonial India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2007), 225—237；关于情感本身，以及它在希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度—英国关系中的身体定位，见Margrit Pernau, “The Indian Body and Unani Medicine: Body History as Entangled History”, in Axel Michaels and Christoph Wulf (eds.),Images of the Body in India (London: Routledge, 2011), 97—108, esp. 104—106。

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1701499583 (29) 见LeDoux, Emotional Brain ; Klaus R. Scherer, “Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology”, in Carroll E. Izard (ed.), Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology (New York: Plenum Press, 1979), 495—529; Barbara H. Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History”, American Historical Review , 107/3 (2002), 821—845; Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience:The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: John Murray, 1872);“affection”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Literature, and General Information ,i. A to Androphagi (11th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), 299—300, here 300; Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1980), 314;Karl G. Heider, Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping Three Cultures of Emotion in Indonesia (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991), 41; Brian Massumi, Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect,Sensation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002); Cesare Lombroso, L’uomo delinquentein rapporto all’antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alle discipline carcerarie ( Turin: Bocca, 1876), 651。

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1701499585 (30) Paul R. Kleinginna Jun. and Anne M. Kleinginna, “A Categorized List of Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a Consensual Definition”, Motivation and Emotion , 5/4(1981), 345—379.

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1701499587 (31) Stewart R. Roberts, “Nervous and Mental Influences in Angina Pectoris”, American Heart Journal , 7/1 (1931), 21—35, here 23; Beverley Fehr and James A. Russell, “Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113/3 (1984), 464—486, here 464.

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1701499589 (32) Antonio R. Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (Orlando, FL:Harcourt, 2003), 15.

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1701499591 (33) 关于从柏拉图到奥古斯丁对于情感的思考，最简明的介绍见Barbara H. Rosenwein,Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), ch.1。

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1701499593 (34) Aristotle, The “Art” of Rhetoric , trans. John Henry Freese (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 173．更一般的版本，见Michael Krewet, Die Theorie der Gefühle bei Aristoteles (Heidelberg: Winter, 2011)。（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，北京：生活· 读书· 新知三联书店，1991年，第70页。）

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1701499595 (35) William W. Fortenbaugh, Aristotle on Emotion: A Contribution to Philosophical Psychology, Rhetoric Poetics, Politics and Ethics (2nd edn., London: Duckworth, 2002), 114．该书作者认为这段话不具代表性，仅限于修辞；与之相对立的观点见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 40。

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1701499597 (36) 亚里士多德作为埃克曼的先驱，见Carol Tavris, “A Polite Smile or the Real McCoy?”,review of Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003), in Scientific American , 288/6 (2003), 87—88。亚里士多德作为认知心理学评价方法的先驱，见Randolph R. Cornelius, The Science of Emotion: Research and Tradition in the Psychology of Emotion (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 115; Kagan, What Is Emotion? , 11—12; Richard Lazarus, “Relational Meaning and Discrete Emotions”, in Klaus R. Scherer, Angela Schorr, and Tom Johnstone (eds.), Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 37—67,here 40。亚里士多德作为社会心理学的先驱，见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 31（引用了社会心理学家阿格妮塔· 费希尔［Agneta Fischer］）。

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1701499599 (37) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 173—175.（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，第71页。）

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1701499601 (38) Simo Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 37, 40.

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