1701499606
1701499607
(41) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 201．又见Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 35, 37。（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，第81页。）
1701499608
1701499609
(42) A. W. Price, “Emotions in Plato and Aristotle”, in Peter Goldie (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 121—142, here 137—138.
1701499610
1701499611
(43) 对情感最感兴趣的斯多葛派学者有基提翁的芝诺（Zeno of Citium，公元前333/332—前262/261）、克利西波斯（Chrysippos，公元前281/276—前208/204）、波塞多尼奥斯（Poseidonios，公元前135—前51）、塞涅卡（Seneca，公元前1—公元65）和爱比克泰德（Epiktetos, 50—125)。关于斯多葛派及其对情感的态度，见Richard Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation: The Gifford Lectures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Margaret R. Graver, Stoicism and Emotion (Chicago
:University of Chicago Press, 2007); Barbara Guckes (ed.), Zur Ethik der älteren Stoa (Göttingen
:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004)；更早的文本见Maximilian Forschner, Diestoische Ethik: Über den Zusammenhang von Natur-, Sprach- und Moralphilosophie im altstoischen System (2nd edn., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995)。
1701499612
1701499613
(44) 关于内心的宁静，见Joachim Ritter (ed.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie , i (Basel
:Schwabe, 1971), 429—433, 593。
1701499614
1701499615
(45) Martha Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press, 2001), 4—5, ch. 1.作者在细节方面超越了斯多葛派，她承认了动物的情感能力。她总体上区分了描述性的和规范性的斯多葛派方案，接受前者，拒绝后者。见Jules Evans,“ An Interview with Martha Nussbaum”, Philosophy for Life (5 February 2009)
accessed 21 February 2014。
1701499616
1701499617
(46) 有关盖伦四体液说的介绍，见Jutta Kollesch and Diethard Nickel (eds.), Antike Heilkunst: Ausgewählte Texte aus den medizinischen Schriften der Griechen und Römer (Stuttgart
:Reclam, 1994), 25—27。
1701499618
1701499619
(47) Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages , 41; Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 93—98; Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind , 253—260.
1701499620
1701499621
(48) 关于这些早期的基督教修士，所谓的沙漠教父，以及他们对情感的看法，见Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages , 46—50。
1701499622
1701499623
(49) Dixon, From Passions to Emotions , 34.
1701499624
1701499625
(50) Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans , ed. and trans. R. W. Dyson (Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press, 1998) [ Lat. orig., De civitate dei , 426], 590.（中译见［古罗马］奥古斯丁：《上帝之城（修订版）》［下册］，王晓朝译，北京：人民出版社，2018年，第517页。）
1701499626
1701499627
(51) Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages , 50—51.
1701499628
1701499629
(52) Robert C. Solomon, The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993)．根据托马斯· 迪克森的说法，罗伯特· 所罗门（Robert Solomon）认为像奥古斯丁和托马斯· 阿奎那这样的基督教思想家应该对情感和理性的分离负责，这样的认识是错误的。事实上，他们所说的是激情和理性，理性就像激情一样，可以被“驱动”（motus ），尽管这只是一种积极的驱动，比如爱，见Dixon,From Passions to Emotions , 53—54。
1701499630
1701499631
(53) 奥古斯丁在《忏悔录》中以自传的形式论述了对情感的自愿控制，这在很大程度上与他努力抑制自己的欲望（libido ）有关，见Dixon, From Passions to Emotions , 51—52。
1701499632
1701499633
(54) 对于中世纪情感的认识，见Peter King,“ Emotions in Medieval Thought”, in Goldie(ed.), Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion , 167—187; Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , chs. 3—4; Piroska Nagy and Damien Boquet (eds.), Le Sujet des émotions au Moyen Âge (Paris
:Beauchesne, 2009), esp. pt. I。关于托马斯· 阿奎那，见Nicholas E. Lombardo, The Logic of Desire: Aquinas on Emotion (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 2011)。关于中世纪和近代早期，从托马斯· 阿奎那到笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎，见Dominik Perler,Transformationen der Gefühle: Philosophische Emotionstheorien 1270—1670 (Frankfurt am Main
:Fischer, 2011)。
1701499634
1701499635
(55) 尼古拉斯· 马勒伯朗士（Nicolas Malebranche, 1638—1715)强化了身心二元论。关于他的情感理论，见Tad Schmaltz,“ Malebranche: Neigungen und Leidenschaften”, in Hilge Landweer and Ursula Renz (eds.), Klassische Emotionstheorien: Von Platon bis Wittgenstein (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008), 331—349。
1701499636
1701499637
(56) Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes ’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York
:Putnam, 1994), 248—249.许多批评家指出，达马西奥把笛卡尔当作一个假想对手，而没有考虑到对笛卡尔作品的研究，见Henrik Lagerlund, “Introduction: The Mind/Body Problem and Late Medieval Conceptions of the Soul”, in Lagerlund (ed.), Forming the Mind
:Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), 1—15; Timo Kaitaro, “Emotional Pathologies and Reason in French Medical Enlightenment”, in Lagerlund (ed.), Forming the Mind , 311—325。（中译见［美］安东尼奥· 达马西奥：《笛卡尔的错误：情绪、推理和大脑》，殷云露译，北京：北京联合出版公司，2018年，第234—235页。）
1701499638
1701499639
(57) Deborah Brown, “The Rationality of Cartesian Passions”, in Henrik Lagerlund and Mikko Yrjönsuuri (eds.), Emotions and Choice from Boethius to Descartes (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), 259—278, here 270．关于笛卡尔的贡献，虽然很重要，但并没有人们通常认为的那么具有原创性，见Anthony Levi, French Moralists: The Theory of the Passions, 1585 to 1649 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964)。试论现代早期情感升级的史前史，见Wilhelm Dilthey, “Die Funktion der Anthropologie in der Kultur des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts”, in Gesammelte Schriften , ii. Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance und Reformation (6th edn., Stuttgart: Teubner, 1960), 416—492。
1701499640
1701499641
(58) René Descartes, “Préface to ‘Passions de l’âme’: Letter of Descartes to the editor, 14 August 1649”, in Roger Ariew (ed.), Descartes in Seventeenth-Century England , ii. Descartes’s Works in Translation (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2002), B3.
1701499642
1701499643
(59) Descartes, “Préface to ‘Passions de l’âme’”, 37．该案例被以下著作征引：Daniel M. Gross, The Secret History of Emotion: From Aristotle’s Rhetoric to Modern Brain Science (Chicago
:University of Chicago Press, 2006), 23。（中译见［法］笛卡尔：《论灵魂的激情》，贾江鸿译，北京：商务印书馆，2016年，第12页。）
1701499644
1701499645
(60) [Charles] Le Brun, A Method to Learn to Design the Passions: Proposed in a Conference on the General and Particular Expression: Written in English, and Illustrated with a Great Many Figures Excellently Designed by M. Le Brun, Chief Painter to the French King, Chancellor and Director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture: Translated and all the Designs Engraved on Copper by, John Williams (London: n.p., 1734)[1st Fr. edn., 1698].
1701499646
1701499647
(61) Anne Schmidt, “Showing Emotions, Reading Emotions”, in Ute Frevert et al., Emotional Lexicons: Continuity and Change in the Vocabulary of Feeling 1700—2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 62—90．除了其他作品之外，当今强调情感混合性的著作如凯根的《什么是情感？》（What Is Emotion? ）。
1701499648
1701499649
(62) Baruch de Spinoza, “Ethics”, in Spinoza: Complete Works , ed. Michael L. Morgan, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 213—382.
1701499650
1701499651
(63) Baruch de Spinoza, “Ethics”, in Spinoza: Complete Works , ed. Michael L. Morgan, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 278.（中译见［荷］斯宾诺莎：《伦理学》，贺麟译，北京：商务印书馆，2009年，第96页。）关于斯宾诺莎，见对于情感思想最完整的一部单卷本概述，虽然该书是根据20世纪30年代实验心理学的观点组织起来的（因为两位作者是心理学家）：H. M. [sic Harry Norman] Gardiner, Ruth Clark Metcalf, and John G. Beebe-Center, Feeling and Emotion: A History of Theories (New York: American Book Company, 1937), 192—205。又见Steven Nadler, “Baruch Spinoza”, in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition) accessed 22 February 2014。
1701499652
1701499653
(64) Spinoza, “Ethics”, 298.（中译见［荷］斯宾诺莎：《伦理学》，贺麟译，第128页。）
1701499654
1701499655
(65) 例如，可参见一位生理学家的著作：Johannes Müller, Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen
:Für Vorlesungen , ii (Koblenz: Hölscher, 1840), 543—552。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.701499606e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]