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(88) Gisela Bock and Barbara Duden, “Arbeit aus Liebe—Liebe als Arbeit: Zur Entstehung der Hausarbeit im Kapitalismus”, in Gruppe Berliner Dozentinnen (eds.), Frauen und Wissenschaft: Beiträge zur Berliner Sommeruniversität für Frauen, Juli 1976 (Berlin: Corage, 1977), 118—199, here 121.肖特的观点也遭到了其他女权主义者的批评。西蒙娜· 德· 波伏娃(Simone de Beauvoir,1908—1986)在1949年写道:“‘爱情’这个词对男女两性有完全不同的意义,这是使他们分裂的严重误会的一个根源。拜伦说得好,爱情在男人的生活中只是一种消遣,而它却是女人的生活本身。”既然女人“无论如何注定要从属他人,她宁愿侍候一个神,也不愿服从暴君—— 父母、丈夫、保护人;她选择了心甘情愿受奴役,觉得这种奴役是她自由的表现;她竭力通过彻底承受自己作为非本质客体的处境来克服它;她通过自己的肉体、感情、行为,极端地赞美被爱的男人,把他设立为价值和最高的现实,她在他面前要自我虚无化。对她来说,爱情变成一种宗教”。真正的爱只存在于两个平等自主的人之间:“真正的爱情应该建立在两个自由的人互相承认的基础上;一对情侣的每一方会互相感受到既是自我,又是对方。”参见Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex , ed. and trans. H. M. Parshley (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), 652, 653, 677。(中译见[法]波伏娃:《第二性》,郑克鲁译,上海:上海译文出版社,2017年,第838、837、867页。)
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(89) 例如,可参见Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love: Myth and Reality: Motherhood in Modern History (New York: Macmillan, 1981); Yvonne Schütze, Die gute Mutter: Zur Geschichte des normativen Musters “Mutterliebe” (Bielefeld: Kleine, 1986)。
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(90) 情感在性别史上边缘地位的典型表现是,在一本著名的性别史导论中,情感只是被一笔带过,见Claudia Opitz-Belakhal, Geschlechtergeschichte (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2010), 110;在Philippe Ariès and George Duby (gen. eds.), A History of Private Life : iv. From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War , ed. Michelle Perrot, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press, 1994) [Fr. orig., Histoire de la vie privée , iv. De la révolution à la grande guerre , 1987]中,在第四卷总结的最后才提到这个问题。
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(91) Edith Saurer, “Liebe, Geschlechterbeziehungen und Feminismus”, L’Homme , 8/1 (1997), 6—20, here 20.
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(92) Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns, “Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards”, American Historical Review , 90/4 (1985), 813—836, here 813.
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(93) Stearns and Stearns, “Emotionology”, 825.
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(94) 又见Carol Zisowitz Stearns and Peter N. Stearns, Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America’s History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986)。
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(95) Stearns and Stearns, “Emotionology”, 830.
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(96) Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History”, 824—825.
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(97) Stearns and Stearns, “Emotionology”, 818 (Demos); 832 (De Swaan).
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(98) George F. E. Rudé, The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730—1848 (New York: Wiley, 1964); Charles Tilly, Louise Tilly, and Richard H. Tilly,The Rebellious Century, 1830—1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978).
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(99) Stearns and Stearns, “Emotionology”, 816—817.
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(100) Stearns and Stearns, Anger ; Peter N. Stearns, Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History (New York: New York University Press, 1989); Peter N. Stearns, American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style (New York: New York University Press, 1994); Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis (eds.), An Emotional History of the United States (New York: New York University Press, 1998); Peter N. Stearns, American Fear: The Causes and Consequences of High Anxiety (London: Routledge, 2006).
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(101) Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History”, 826.
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(102) 又见1998年召开的主题为“情感的历史性”(“The Historicity of Emotions”)的会议,这场会议由耶路撒冷希伯来大学高级研究所举办的一个为期六个月的讨论会发展而来。与会者包括娜塔莉· 泽蒙· 戴维斯(Natalie Zemon Davis)和安东尼· 格拉夫敦(Anthony Grafton),会议的组织者是迈克尔· 海德(Michael Heyd)和约瑟夫· 卡普兰(Yosef Kaplan)。出自米沙尔· 阿尔特鲍尔-鲁德尼克(Michal Altbauer-Rudnik)2007年6月10日的电子邮件。
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(103) William M. Reddy, “Against Constructionism: The Historical Ethnography of Emotions”,Current Anthropology , 38/3 (1997), 327—351; William M. Reddy, The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
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(104) Cf. Amazon accessed 12 February 2014.
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(105) “Media Monitor”, The Hotline (18 September 2001).
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(106) James F. Williamson, “Properly Fought, A Just War is Defensible”, Commercial Appeal (12 October 2001), B5. “在仇恨、嫉妒和宗教极端主义的激发之下,恐怖主义分子无视国际社会的蔑视。”对于联军在阿富汗遇到的普通阿富汗人,“这些人身上显然没有激发恐怖分子的那种仇恨”。参见“World Must Pitch in to Rebuild Afghanistan”, Press and Sun Bulletin (18 November 2001), 14A。
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(107) 杰罗尔德· 波斯特(Jerrold Post),乔治· 华盛顿大学精神病学和行为科学临床教授,转引自“U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu (D-LA) Holds Hearing on Terrorist Organizations and Motivations”, Federal Document Clearing House (FDCH) Political Transcripts (15 November 2001)。
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(108) “电子运动的历史”指的是“9· 11”事件相关的电子通信所引发的时间上的混乱,其中事件的实际顺序以及前后的清晰感觉变得模糊不清,见Despoina Valatsou,“History, Our Own Stories and Emotions Online”, Historein: A Review of the Past and Other Stories , 8 (2008), 108—116, here 114。该文的主要史料来源是美国乔治· 梅森大学(George Mason University)历史与新媒体中心(CHNM)的“9· 11”数字档案。
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(109) “9/11: We Will Never Forget”, New York Post (31 May 2002), 4; Terry Corcoran, “Officers Recall the Cheers”, Journal News (Westchester County, NY) (10 September 2002), 1A.
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(110) Shaila K. Dewan, “Closure? A Buzzword Becomes a Quest”, New York Times (25 November 2001), section 1A, 41.
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(111) Patrick May, “2001: A Year of Uncertainty”, San Jose Mercury News (30 December 2001).
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(112) 作为记录文化趋势的文化地震仪,专栏副刊也记录了这种变化,见Edo Rents,“Mehr Ironie wagen!”, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung (28 October 2001), 21; Susanne Ostwald, “Ende der Ironie: Jedediah Purdy und die Halbwertszeit der Kulturkritik”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung (21 January 2003), 51; MaryAnn Snyder-Körber, “Was kommt nach dem 11. September? Die Terroranschläge des Jahres 2001 in den USA haben die Alltagskultur Nordamerikas nachhaltig verändert”, Der Tagesspiegel (8 August 2007), Sonderthemen。正是2001年的“打破讽刺运动”,才使人们有可能回顾1989年发生的事件,并由此产生对讽刺的推动,见Dirk von Petersdorff, “Die Schule der Ironie: 1789, 1989”, Merkur , 64/732 (2010), 403—412,here 407。关于讽刺在21世纪头十年后半期的回归,参见Andrian Kreye, “Die leicht Verzweifelten: In den USA kehrt die Ironie zurück—als neue Ernsthaftigkeit”, Süddeutsche Zeitung (28 February 2005), 13; Burkhard Müller, “Sei niemals nicht ironisch: Empirisch gesichert: Kurssturz für das uneigentliche Reden”, Süddeutsche Zeitung (26 November 2008), 13。
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