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(39) 在这里,我们忽略了一个事实,那就是马林诺夫斯基的日记已经成为利用后结构主义思想的人类学家广泛批判和反思的对象。例如James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), ch. 3。
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(40) Bronislaw Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989), 4, 5, 7, 30—31.(中译见[美]马林诺夫斯基:《一本严格意义上的日记》,卞思梅、何源远、余昕译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2015年,第24、28、57页。)
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(41) William H. Rivers Rivers, The Todas (London: Macmillan, 1906);又见W. H. R. Rivers, “Psychiatry and the War”, Science , 49/1268 (18 April 1919), 367—369; William Halse R. Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Pseudo-Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920)。关于《重生三部曲》,见Pat Barker: Regeneration (London: Viking, 1991); The Eye in the Door (London: Viking, 1993); The Ghost Road (London: Viking, 1995)。
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(42) A. R. Brown [=Alfred Radcliffe-Brown], The Andaman Islanders: A Study in Social Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 233—234.
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(43) Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (Boston
:Houghton Mifflin, 1946). Eric Robertson Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951)是受本尼迪克特影响的作品之一,见Ruth Leys, From Guilt to Shame: Auschwitz and After (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), ch. 4, esp. 123; Barth et al.,One Discipline, Four Ways , 296。
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(44) Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , 113.
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(45) Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , ch. 9.
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(46) 1936—1950年间,米德与英国人类学家格雷戈里· 贝特森(Gregory Bateson,1904—1980)是夫妻。他们是几对人类学夫妻中的一对。贝特森后来开始研究控制论,他把民族精神理解为“一种由文化加以组织的情感系统”,见Catherine A. Lutz and Geoffrey M. White, “The Anthropology of Emotions”, Annual Review of Anthropology , 15 (1986), 405—436, here 412。又见Gregory Bateson, Naven: The Culture of the Iatmul People of New Guinea Tribe as Revealed Through a Study of the “Naven” Ceremonial (2nd edn., Stanford, CA: Standford University Press, 1958)。
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(47) 关于米德,参见Nancy C. Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon (Princeton
:Princeton University Press, 2008)。
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(48) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation (New York: Morrow, 1928), 127.(中译见[美]米德:《萨摩亚人的成年》,周晓虹、李姚军、刘婧译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第127页。)
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(49) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation (New York: Morrow, 1928), 128.
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(50) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation (New York: Morrow, 1928), 212, 212—213.(中译见[美]米德:《萨摩亚人的成年》,周晓虹、李姚军、刘婧译,第194页。)
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(51) Clifford Geertz, “Chapter 3: The Growth of Culture and the Evolution of Mind”, in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 81, 82; first published in Jordan M. Scher, Theories of the Mind (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), 713—740.(中译见[美]格尔茨:《文化的解释》,韩莉译,南京:译林出版社,1999年,第100—101页。)
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(52) 格尔茨影响了布鲁斯· 卡普费雷尔(Bruce Kapferer)等人,后者可以被称为后涂尔干的格尔茨主义者。他指出:“僧伽罗人的治疗仪式既提供了一个由病人概念化的现实模型 ,也提供了一个如何构想现实的模型 。象征和象征行为被组织成仪式,‘既将前者塑造成后者,也将后者塑造成前者,赋予社会和心理现实以客观的概念形式,既将自己塑造成它,也将它塑造成自己’。”见Kapferer, “Emotion and Feeling in Sinhalese Healing Rites”, 156,原文强调。爱德华· 谢弗林(Edward Schieffelin)对巴布亚新几内亚的卡卢利人(Kaluli)的研究得出以下结论:“因此,无论个人体验如何(尽管卡卢利人试图让愤怒、羞耻和悲伤尽可能公开),情感都是社会定位的,并有一个社会目标。在此意义上,情感不仅存在于个人身上,而且也存在于社会情境和互动之中,并且它们有助于构建这些情境和互动。从这一分析中得出的一个重要启示是,对情感和文化感兴趣的人类学家可以合理地将目光投向个人内心深处之外的社会互动过程,这不仅仅是为了寻找激发情感的来源,还有情感的形式和意义的重要部分……格尔茨曾经说过,不必去观察个人的隐私来理解重要的文化符号和信仰,它们的意义可以在市场上找到。在很大程度上,人类的情感也是如此。社会共有的意义不仅为个人情感提供了许多意义和含义,这些情感也是他们所参与的情境的社会建构的一部分。”见Edward L. Schieffelin, “Anger, Grief,and Shame: Toward a Kaluli Ethnopsychology”, in Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick(eds.), Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies (Berkeley and Los Angeles
:University of California Press, 1985), 168—182, here 180。
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(53) Hildred Geertz, “The Vocabulary of Emotion: A Study of Javanese Socialization Processes”, Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 22 (1959), 225—237, here 226.
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(54) Hildred Geertz, “The Vocabulary of Emotion: A Study of Javanese Socialization Processes”, Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 22 (1959), 232, 236.
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(55) Hildred Geertz, “The Vocabulary of Emotion: A Study of Javanese Socialization Processes”, Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 22 (1959), 236.
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(56) Ernest Beaglehole, “Emotional Release in a Polynesian Community”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 32/3—4 (1937), 319—328, here 320.
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(57) Melford E. Spiro, “Ghosts, Ifaluk, and Teleological Functionalism”, American Anthropologist , 54/4 (1952), 497—503.
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(58) G. M. Carstairs, The Twice Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste Hindus (Bloomington
:Indiana University Press, 1967).
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(59) Lutz and White, “Anthropology of Emotions”, 412.
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(60) R. D’Andrade and M. J. Egan, “The Colors of Emotion”, American Ethnologist , 1/1(1974), 49—63, here 49.
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(61) Rodney Needham, Essential Perplexities: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 12 May 1977 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 20.卢茨论尼德汉姆:“例如,尼德汉姆认为,在许多社会中发展起来的各种各样的情感词汇,对于他们声称要描述的情感来说,必然是‘错误的’,他声称这是因为情感是自然的、普遍的,不受词汇中所表达的文化思维方式的影响。”见Lutz, Unnatural Emotions , 67。1981年,尼德汉姆提出了一个更为谨慎的观点,他抱怨对情感的人类学研究是缺乏的:“更值得注意的是,人类学家对情感这一话题几乎没有给予系统的关注。”然后问,是否有理由从情感的各种语言表达中得出结论,即情感是多种多样的。他接着回顾了从笛卡尔到埃克曼推演出基本情感的努力,并得出结论:“更让人困惑的是,虽然我们的情感生活中有那么多人为和偶然的因素,我们的情感生活依然具有如此的强迫性和个性。”见Needham,Circumstantial Deliveries (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), 99—102, quotations 99, 102。
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(62) 见Lutz and White, “Anthropology of Emotions”, 430。
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(63) Jean L. Briggs, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 3.
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