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7 “……拥有比阿波罗任务控制器更大处理能力”:Overbye, D. (2012, June 5). Mystery of big data’s parallel universe brings fear, and a thrill. The New York Times, p. D3.
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7 相当于175份新闻报纸的总和:Alleyne, R. (2011, February 11). Welcome to the information age—174 newspapers a day. The Telegraph.
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Lebwohl, B. (2011, February 10). Martin Hilbert: All human information, stored on CD, would reach beyond the moon. EarthSky. 摘自 http://earthsky. org。
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7 我们每天都会处理34千兆字节或10万单词:Bohn, R. E., & Short, J. E. (2010). How much information? 2009 report on American consumers (Global Information Industry Center Report). 摘自 http://hmi. ucsd. edu/。
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7 原创节目时长达 85000 小时:Lyman, P., Varian, H. R., Swearingen, K., Charles, P., Good, N., Jordan, L. L., & Pal, J. (2003). How much information? 2003 (University of California at Berkeley School of Information Management Report). 摘自 http://www2. sims. berkeley. edu。
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Hilbert, M. (2012). How to measure “how much information”? Theoretical, methodological, and statistical challenges for the social sciences. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1042–1055.
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7 每小时上传6000小时的视频:Hardy, Q. (2014, January 8). Today’s webcams see all (tortoise, we’re watching your back).《纽约时报》, p. A1.
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7 所包含的字节:Nunberg, G. (2011, March 20). James Gleick’s history of information. The New York Times Sunday Book Review, p. BR1.
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8 每秒120比特:这个数字来源于米哈里·契克森米哈(2007),以及贝尔实验室工程师罗伯特·拉克。后者专门做了一项独立估算:大脑皮层每秒不能吸收超过50比特信息——这在契克森米哈的数量级范围内。契克森米哈是这样解释他的估算的:“正如乔治·米勒和其他人所说的那样,我们每一个感官可以处理5~7比特信息;每个感官至少占用每秒的1/15;因此7×15 =105比特/秒。努斯鲍姆曾计算过,理解口头材料的速度为平均60比特/秒。”
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Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (2010). Effortless attention in everyday life: A systematic phenomenology. In B. Bruya (Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 179-189). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007, May). Music and optimal experience. In G. Turow (Chair), Music, rhythm and the brain. Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts, Center for Arts, Science and Technology, Stanford, CA.
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Csikszentmihalyi, M.,个人交流, November 8, 2013.
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Lucky, R. (1989). Silicon dreams: Information, man, and machine. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
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Rajman, M., & Pallota, V. (2007). Speech and language engineering (Computer and Communication Sciences). Lausanne, Switzerland: EPFL Press.
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8 那么多的误会: Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007, May). Music and optimal experience. In G. Turow (Chair), Music, rhythm and the brain. Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts, Center for Arts, Science and Technology, Stanford, CA.
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显然,我们是有目的地追求音乐的。音乐具有和声的结构,在不影响其易懂性的情况下,人们可以同时弹奏多种音乐,所以,音乐才成为少数我们可以一次性关注至少两个人的特例。
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9 陆地脊椎动物生物: Dennett, D. C. (2009). The cultural evolution of words and other thinking tools. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 74, 435–441.
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MacCready P. (1999). An ambivalent Luddite at a technological feast. 摘自 http:// www. designfax. net/ archives/ 0899/ 899trl_ 2. Asp。
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13 无意视盲:Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
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14 大猩猩研究:Chabris, C. F., & Simons, D. J. (2011). The invisible gorilla: And other ways our intuitions deceive us. New York: Penguin Random House.
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14 康德和华兹华斯抱怨: Blair, A. M. (2010). Too much to know: Managing scholarly information before the modern age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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14 分类减少脑力劳动: 直接摘自Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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15 在人类历史早期99%的时间里:直接摘自Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 34.
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15 前所未有的商业交易数目:几乎直接引自Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 49.
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15 书面文字最早形式 Childe, V. G. (1951). Man makes himself. New York, NY: New American Library.
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