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Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421.
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Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 16–26, p. 16.
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177 米克·罗特巴特在一个班：Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 112.
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177 在组内组外的偏见中：几乎直接摘自Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 112.
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177 互相更加了解：这被称为组内沟通理论。Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
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178 “这里的情况是……”：Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 113.
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178 我们往往不会重新评估这种刻板印象：Rothbart, M., & Lewis, S. (1988). Inferring category attributes from exemplar attributes: Geometric shapes and social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 861–872.
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178 1962年加勒比海危机：Garthoff, R. L. (1988). Cuban missile crisis: The Soviet story. Foreign Policy, 72, 61–80.
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178 “试着让你从我们的角度看待问题”：赫鲁晓夫（1962年10月24号）。给肯尼迪总统的信。肯尼迪总统图书馆，总统办公室文件，古巴。不分类标记。官方翻译由国会负责，非官方翻译由莫斯科大使负责（1070号电报，12月25日；国会；总统信件，lot 66 D：304）国务院简报印刷出版，1973年11月19日，P637–639。
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历史学家办公室，美国国务院。(n. d.)。赫鲁晓夫交流：63号文件。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963 (6).摘自 http:// history. state. gov/ historicaldocuments/ frus1961-63v06/ d63。
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178 “如果你真的关心你国家人民的和平……”：赫鲁晓夫（1962年），苏联大使给美国国会的信件，1962年12月26日，晚上7点。Kennedy Library, National Security Files, Countries Series, USSR, Khrushchev Correspondence. Secret; Eyes Only; Niact; Verbatim Text. Passed to the White House at 9:15 p. m. October 26. Other copies of this message are in Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 66 D 204, and ibid.: Lot 77 D 163. A copy of the Russian-language text is in the former. This “informal translation” and an “official translation” prepared by the Department of State are printed in Department of State Bulletin, November 19, 1973, pp. 640–645.
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Office of the Historian, U. S. Department of State. (n. d.). Kennedy-Krushchev exchanges: Document 65. In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963 (6). 摘自 http:// history. state. gov/ historicaldocuments/ frus1961-63v06/ d65
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179 他将肯尼迪从组外成员变为组内成员：模拟实验参见罗思巴特的第二个模拟实验, M., & Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group-out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 248–257.
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179 2013年年底至2014年年初： 几乎直接摘自 Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2014, January 25). Prolonged fight feared in Egypt after bombings. The New York Times, p. A1.
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179 我们倾向于认为，胁迫敌人：这句话以及本段之前的很多语句摘自 Rothbart, M., & Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group-out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 248–257.
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179 “当我想到所有花在炸弹和弹药的钱”：Shultz, G., 个人交流，2012年7月, Sonoma County, CA。
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180 (阿根廷就是一个法律规定……) ：阿根廷刑法第106~108条，其中第106条规定“任何危及他人生命及健康，无论是囚禁他人还是（作者的同情）……都将判处2~6年的监禁”Hassel, G. (n. d.). Penal especial [Special penalty]. 摘自 http:// www. monografias. com/ trabajos52/ penal-especial / penal-especial2. Shtml。
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180 他们会产生合理的恐惧：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383.
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Milgram, S., & Hollander, P. (1964). The murder they heard. The Nation, 198(15), 602–604.
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180 社会心理学家约翰·达利和比布·拉塔内：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383, p. 377.
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181 沃尔特·万斯突发心脏病，在西弗吉尼亚州的一家商店晕倒，随后死亡：Report: Shoppers unfazed as man dies at Target [视频文件]. (2011, November 26). NBC News.
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181 数百名购物者从他身边走过，甚至有人从他身上跨过：Pocklington, R. (2013, Dec. 29). Shocking surveillance footage shows customers stepping over shooting victim as he lay dying in store doorway. Daily Mirror.
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Hall, Jr. R. (2013, Dec. 23). Kalamazoo man convicted of murder in 2012 shooting of Jheryl Wright, 24. Kalamazoo Gazette/MLive.com.
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181 强烈的顺应别人行为的愿望：Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70.
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181 社会比较：Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.
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