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184 露丝是一位6岁小孩的已婚妈妈，今年37岁了：这个场景是唯一一个没有逐字摘抄文献的场景——这只是虚构的几位前额叶受损患者中的一位，目的在于让读者更好地了解功能受损。具体细节参见 Penfield, W. (1935). The frontal lobe in man: A clinical study of maximum removals. Brain, 58(1), 115–133.
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184 厄尼突然失去了正确评估未来需求的能力：Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1985). Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology, 35(12), 1731. 为了保护病人隐私，我更改了患者的名字。
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185 “我知道我想要画出来，但我就是不去做……”：Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (2000). Role of the right prefrontal cortex in ill-structured planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(5), 415–436, p. 423.
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186 光波本身是无色的：Newton, I. (1995). The Principia (A. Motte, Trans.). New York, NY: Prometheus Books.
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187 夜幕降临后，人们有多种方式知晓时间：Lombardi, M. A. (2007, March 5). Why is a minute divided into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, yet there are only 24 hours in a day? Scientific American.
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Masters, K. (2006, April 5). Why is a day divided into 24 hours? Ask an astronomer. 摘自 http:// curious. astro. cornell. edu/ question. php? number= 594
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187 古巴比伦人也将一天划为固定的24小时：Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 257.
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187 著名的古希腊数学家、天文学家喜帕恰斯：North, J. D. (1975). Monasticism and the first mechanical clocks. In J. T. Fraser et al. (Eds.), The study of time II. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
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188 世界上每天大约有150000人死亡：疾病预防与控制中心（2014年2月 13日），死亡与死亡率，摘自http:// www. cdc. gov / nchs/ fastats/ deaths. htm。
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Central Intelligence Agency (2010). The world factbook. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
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De Grey, A. D. N. J. (2007). Life span extension research and public debate: Societal considerations. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 1(1), 1941–6008.
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189 即使这些基因可能会在以后的时间里产生不良影响：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
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189 基因变异只会在人类晚期挑战人类的生存：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
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189 细胞能够分裂的次数也存在限制：Shay, J. W., & Wright, W. E. (2000). Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 1(1), 72–76.
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189 每分钟60~100下：Laskowski, E. R. (2009, September 29). What’s a normal resting heart rate? Mayo Clinic. 摘自 http:// www. mayoclinic. com / health/ heart-rate/ AN01906。
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190 照片很有趣，因为：感谢戴维·克罗斯比的观察。
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190 每250毫秒一次：Roxin, A., Brunel, N., Hansel, D., Mongillo, G., & van Vreeswijk, C. (2011). On the distribution of firing rates in networks of cortical neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(45), 16217–16226.
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190 大脑的首席执行官：U. S. HHS (2013). Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. 摘自 http:// www. hhs. gov/ opa/ familylife/ tech_ assistance/ etraining/ adolescent_ brain/ Development/ prefrontal_ cortex/。
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190 前额叶皮层……连接：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 573–598). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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191这是大多数动物所缺乏的能力：一些非人类的灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩和猴子，显示出延迟满足能力，这与它们前额叶皮层的进化程度一致。
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Beran, M. J. (2013, May). Delay of gratification in nonhuman animals. Psychological Science Agenda. 摘自 www. apa. org/ science/ about/ psa/ 2013 / 05/ nonhuman-animals. Aspx。
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191 20岁之前：Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684), 596–599.
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Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
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Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. The Neuroscientist, 10(4), 372–392.
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