1701559143
Central Intelligence Agency (2010). The world factbook. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
1701559144
1701559145
De Grey, A. D. N. J. (2007). Life span extension research and public debate: Societal considerations. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 1(1), 1941–6008.
1701559146
1701559147
189 即使这些基因可能会在以后的时间里产生不良影响：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
1701559148
1701559149
189 基因变异只会在人类晚期挑战人类的生存：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
1701559150
1701559151
189 细胞能够分裂的次数也存在限制：Shay, J. W., & Wright, W. E. (2000). Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 1(1), 72–76.
1701559152
1701559153
189 每分钟60~100下：Laskowski, E. R. (2009, September 29). What’s a normal resting heart rate? Mayo Clinic. 摘自 http:// www. mayoclinic. com / health/ heart-rate/ AN01906。
1701559154
1701559155
190 照片很有趣，因为：感谢戴维·克罗斯比的观察。
1701559156
1701559157
190 每250毫秒一次：Roxin, A., Brunel, N., Hansel, D., Mongillo, G., & van Vreeswijk, C. (2011). On the distribution of firing rates in networks of cortical neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(45), 16217–16226.
1701559158
1701559159
190 大脑的首席执行官：U. S. HHS (2013). Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. 摘自 http:// www. hhs. gov/ opa/ familylife/ tech_ assistance/ etraining/ adolescent_ brain/ Development/ prefrontal_ cortex/。
1701559160
1701559161
190 前额叶皮层……连接：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 573–598). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1701559162
1701559163
191这是大多数动物所缺乏的能力：一些非人类的灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩和猴子，显示出延迟满足能力，这与它们前额叶皮层的进化程度一致。
1701559164
1701559165
Beran, M. J. (2013, May). Delay of gratification in nonhuman animals. Psychological Science Agenda. 摘自 www. apa. org/ science/ about/ psa/ 2013 / 05/ nonhuman-animals. Aspx。
1701559166
1701559167
191 20岁之前：Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684), 596–599.
1701559168
1701559169
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
1701559170
1701559171
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. The Neuroscientist, 10(4), 372–392.
1701559172
1701559173
Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51–58.
1701559174
1701559175
191 阿尔茨海默症：Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1701559176
1701559177
191 缺乏抑制一系列行为的能力：Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106(2), 237–255.
1701559178
1701559179
192 无法进行短暂控制：Knight, R. T., & Grabowecky, M. (2000). Prefrontal cortex, time, and consciousness. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1319–1337). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1701559180
1701559181
192 并不知道自己有这种缺陷：Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 111–126). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1701559182
1701559183
Stuss, D. T. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness after frontal system damage. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 63–83). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1701559184
1701559185
192 导致创造力的丧失：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1701559186
1701559187
192 酒精会通过破坏……：Trantham-Davidson, H., Burnett, E. J., Gass, J. T., Lopez, M. F., Mulholland, P. J., Centanni, S. W., … Chandler, L. J. (2014). Chronic alcohol disrupts dopamine receptor activity and the cognitive function of the medial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(10), 3706–3718.
1701559188
1701559189
192 额叶多巴胺能神经元：Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., … Pierce, K. (2011). Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. JAMA, 306(18), 2001–2010.
1701559190
1701559191
193 左旋多巴：Arnsten, A. F. T., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 2.
1701559192
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.701559143e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]