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189 即使这些基因可能会在以后的时间里产生不良影响：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
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189 基因变异只会在人类晚期挑战人类的生存：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.
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189 细胞能够分裂的次数也存在限制：Shay, J. W., & Wright, W. E. (2000). Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 1(1), 72–76.
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189 每分钟60~100下：Laskowski, E. R. (2009, September 29). What’s a normal resting heart rate? Mayo Clinic. 摘自 http:// www. mayoclinic. com / health/ heart-rate/ AN01906。
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190 照片很有趣，因为：感谢戴维·克罗斯比的观察。
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190 每250毫秒一次：Roxin, A., Brunel, N., Hansel, D., Mongillo, G., & van Vreeswijk, C. (2011). On the distribution of firing rates in networks of cortical neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(45), 16217–16226.
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190 大脑的首席执行官：U. S. HHS (2013). Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. 摘自 http:// www. hhs. gov/ opa/ familylife/ tech_ assistance/ etraining/ adolescent_ brain/ Development/ prefrontal_ cortex/。
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190 前额叶皮层……连接：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 573–598). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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191这是大多数动物所缺乏的能力：一些非人类的灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩和猴子，显示出延迟满足能力，这与它们前额叶皮层的进化程度一致。
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Beran, M. J. (2013, May). Delay of gratification in nonhuman animals. Psychological Science Agenda. 摘自 www. apa. org/ science/ about/ psa/ 2013 / 05/ nonhuman-animals. Aspx。
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191 20岁之前：Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684), 596–599.
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Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
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Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. The Neuroscientist, 10(4), 372–392.
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Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51–58.
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191 阿尔茨海默症：Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
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191 缺乏抑制一系列行为的能力：Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106(2), 237–255.
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192 无法进行短暂控制：Knight, R. T., & Grabowecky, M. (2000). Prefrontal cortex, time, and consciousness. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1319–1337). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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192 并不知道自己有这种缺陷：Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 111–126). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Stuss, D. T. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness after frontal system damage. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 63–83). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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192 导致创造力的丧失：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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192 酒精会通过破坏……：Trantham-Davidson, H., Burnett, E. J., Gass, J. T., Lopez, M. F., Mulholland, P. J., Centanni, S. W., … Chandler, L. J. (2014). Chronic alcohol disrupts dopamine receptor activity and the cognitive function of the medial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(10), 3706–3718.
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192 额叶多巴胺能神经元：Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., … Pierce, K. (2011). Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. JAMA, 306(18), 2001–2010.
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193 左旋多巴：Arnsten, A. F. T., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 2.
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Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1995). Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 9(1), 126–140.
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Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Sontag, T. A., Stasik, D., Laufkötter, R., & Lange, K. W. (2011). Differential effects of methylphenidate on problem solving in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(2), 161–173.
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