打字猴:1.701559246e+09
1701559246
1701559247 Chest of Books. (n. d.). Petersburg standard of timber. 摘自 http://chestofbooks. com/ crafts/ mechanics/ Cyclopaedia/ Petersburg-Standard-Of-Timber . html#. UYW9jt2Qc3I。
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1701559249 199 人类历史上最伟大的工程和军事壮举之一:Kennard, M. F. (1947, April 11). The Building of Mulberry Harbour. The war illustrated, 10 (255), 771–772. London, UK: Amalgamated Press.
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1701559251 201 多任务新陈代谢消耗:Chevignard, M., Pillon, B., Pradat-Diehl, P., Taillefer, C., Rousseau, S., Le Bras, C., & Dubois, B. (2000). An ecological approach to planning dysfunction: Script execution. Cortex, 36(5), 649–669.
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1701559253 203 日常生活适应策略:Goldberg, E. (2001). The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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1701559255 204 更改规则且没有提示的情况下:Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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1701559257 204 它们又会在另一个频率震荡:Buschman, T. J., Denovellis, E. L., Diogo, C., Bullock, D., & Miller, E. K. (2012). Synchronous oscillatory neural ensembles for rules in the prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 76(4), 838–846.
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1701559259 204 会争夺注意力的环境特征与刺激:Fallon, S. J., Williams-Gray, C. H., Barker, R. A., Owen, A. M., & Hampshire, A. (2013). Prefrontal dopamine levels determine the balance between cognitive stability and flexibility. Cerebral Cortex, 23(2), 361–369.
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1701559261 206 “……我们之所以会认为这是想当然的,是因为我们从小就了解它”:Ferguson, J., 个人交流, 2010年12月9日。
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1701559263 206 小说和短篇故事中:Gottschall, J. (2012). The storytelling animal: How stories make us human. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
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1701559265 Gottschall, J., & Wilson, D. S. (Eds.). (2005). The literary animal: Evolution and the nature of narrative (rethinking theory). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
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1701559267 207 编辑指引:Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2007). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 72–79.
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1701559269 208 数量适中的、有意义的单元:Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2007). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 72–79.
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1701559271 210 单板漫画幽默: Piraro, D.,个人交流,2014年3月8日。
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1701559273 210 也会在我们的记忆中留下更深的印象:Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684.
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1701559275 211 引入课堂,并已经取得了巨大的成功:Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970–977.
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1701559277 211 方便我们检索:几乎直接摘自Kopasz, M., Loessl, B., Hornyak, M., Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Piosczyk, H., & Voderholzer, U. (2010). Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents— A critical review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 167–177.
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1701559279 212 在睡眠的不同阶段完成:Kopasz, M., Loessl, B., Hornyak, M., Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Piosczyk, H., & Voderholzer, U. (2010). Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents— A critical review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 167–177.
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1701559281 212 在我们的大脑中整合成为一个对外部世界更广义、更有层次的表现:Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126.
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1701559283 Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2010). Overnight alchemy: Sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(3), 218.
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1701559285 212 已经发生过的经历混淆:McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O’Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102(3), 419–457.
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1701559287 212 我们睡觉时……信息处理程序:Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2010). Overnight alchemy: Sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(3), 218.
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1701559289 212 组合成一个无缝整体:正如Walker & Stickgold (2010) 所写的那样:“隔夜巩固已经成为序列打字机械训练的一部分,用以学习打出数字序列,例如4-1-3-2-1-3-2-1-4。初始阶段,序列被分成较小的模块(例如,413-21-3214)。经过一夜之后,这些序列得到巩固,无需中断就可以完整打出(也就是 413213214)。”
1701559290
1701559291 这段话描述了以下前人的成果:Kuriyama, K., Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and motor-skill complexity. Learning & Memory, 11(6), 705–713.
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1701559293 213 ATP(神经信令辅酶)升高:Dworak, M., McCarley, R. W., Kim, T., Kalinchuk, A. V., & Basheer, R. (2010). Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(26), 9007–9016.
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1701559295 213 这是在相同时间内保持清醒:Barrett, T. R., & Ekstrand, B. R. (1972). Effect of sleep on memory: III. Controlling for time-of-day effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96(2), 321–327.
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