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320 接受了更多的训练,拥有更多的经验:Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan, p. 236.
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320 利用这些时间做出更重要的决策:几乎直接引自Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan, p. 236.
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320 比起上级,他们可能更接近事实:几乎直接引自 Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan, p. 238.
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321 “……他们从现场了解的实际情况中增加其他任何有价值的东西”:McChrystal, S., 个人交流,2013年7月18日。
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322 “……他们需要自己做出决定,并对自己的决定满意”: Wynn, S., 个人交流,2012年5月5日,拉斯维加斯。
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322 “……他会做他需要做的事情”:布隆伯格, 个人交流,2013年7月20日。
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323 是人类大脑固有的,是进化的产物:Mikhail, J. (2007). Universal moral grammar: Theory, evidence and the future. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11(4), 143–152.
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Petrinovich, L., O’Neill, P., & Jorgensen, M. (1993). An empirical study of moral intuitions: Toward an evolutionary ethics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 467–478, p. 467.
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Wright, R. (1995). The moral animal: Why we are, the way we are: The new science of evolutionary psychology (First Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Random House Vintage Books.
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323 即使是3岁的小孩,也会反抗不公: LoBue, V., Nishida, T., Chiong, C., DeLoache, J. S., & Haidt, J. (2011). When getting something good is bad: Even three-year-olds react to inequality. Social Development, 20(1), 154–170.
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323 “……作战归来的士兵不仅是一位好士兵……”:美国陆军部 (2012). The army, ADP 1. Washington, DC: United States Department of the Army, pp. 2-7.
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323 “……赋予战斗力有效性和伦理性” :美国陆军部. (2012). The army, ADP 1. Washington, DC: United States Department of the Army, pp. 2-5.
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324 伦理决策或道德决策:Salvador, R., & Folger, R. G. (2009). Business ethics and the brain. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(1), 1–31.
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324 也需要这两大区域的参与:Harlow, J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39(20), 389–393.
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Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P. J., Bramati, I. E., Mourão-Miranda, J., Andreiulo, P. A., & Pessoa, L. (2002). The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(7), 2730–2736.
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Spitzer, M., Fischbacher, U., Herrnberger, B., Grön, G., & Fehr, E. (2007). The neural signature of social norm compliance. Neuron, 56(1), 185–196.
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324 做出一些不合时宜的行为:Salvador, R., & Folger, R. G. (2009). Business ethics and the brain. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(1), 1–31.
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324 只要视频中的人物:King, J. A., Blair, R. J., Mitchell, D. G., Dolan, R. J., & Burgess, N. (2006). Doing the right thing: A common neural circuit for appropriate violent or compassionate behavior. NeuroImage, 30(3), 1069–1076.
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Englander, Z. A., Haidt, J., & Morris, J. P. (2012). Neural basis of moral elevation demonstrated through inter-subject synchronization of cortical activity during free-viewing. PloS One, 7(6), e39384.
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Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006). The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain, 129(3), 564–583.
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324 这些神经元集群:Margulies, D. S., Vincent, J. L., Kelly, C., Lohmann, G., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., … Petrides, M. (2009). Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(47), 20069–20074.
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de Waal, F. B. M., Leimgruber, K., & Greenberg, A. R. (2008). Giving is self-rewarding for monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13685–13689.
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325 得到了更多的回报:van Wolkenten, M., Brosnan, S. F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). Inequity responses of monkeys modified by effort. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(47), 18854–18859.
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325 领导的定义……不同的解读:韦尔奇,通用集团首席执行官;凯莱赫,西南航线首席执行官。这两个人管理着不同的企业文化。曾经有一段时间,韦尔奇以“中字杰克”而著名,因为他遣散员工的方式很粗鲁(清空整栋建筑,让员工站在一排,就像中字排列一样)。在长达5年的时间里,他将工资总额降低了25%。凯莱赫在员工中间培养了一种友爱、有趣的氛围,西南航空也一直被《财富》杂志列为五大雇主之一。
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325在自由社会中,有效的领导人会:美国陆军部. (2012). Army leadership, ADP 6–22. Washington, DC: United States Department of the Army, p. 1.
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