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还可参见Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of information theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
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Hartley, R. V. L. (1928). Transmission of information. The Bell System Technical Journal, 7(3), 535–563.
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Pierce, J. R. (1980) An introduction to information theory: Symbols, signals, and noise. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
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358 仅300~3300赫兹:Anderson, H., & Yull, S. (2002). BTEC nationals— IT practioners tutor resource pack. Oxford, UK: Newnes.
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359 另外两条信息,网格:比特计算取决于程序员输入的信息。这三条指令可能为
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shape[square]
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size[8]
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coloration[alternate].
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Or they could be
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horizontal size[8]
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vertical size[8]
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coloration[alternate].
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每种情况都需要三条指令,因此,在二进制计算中,是2比特(留有1比特的空余,因为2的平方等于4条信息)。
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360 下完一棋盘需要至少64条信息:用不到64条信息,我们就可以构建不同的布局,例如,开始布局,这可以用32条信息来指代32颗棋,然后用另外33条指令指示“其他方格都是空白”。
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361 信息理论可以应用于:在数学(拓扑分支)和计算机科学领域,完全向下分层业务组织结构图可以视为有向无环图(DAG)的一种特殊情况。DAG结构中,所有监管是向下循环,也就是说,无论在哪种情况下,下级都不可能监督上级;事实上,这正是大多数企业所采用的。然而,一个显示通信结构而非汇报结构的组织结构图一定也能显示其中的汇报结构。
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例如,参见 Bang-Jensen, J., & Gutin, G. (2007). Digraphs: Theory, algo-rithms and applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
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Christofides, N. (1975). Graph theory: An algorithmic approach. New York, NY: Academic Press.
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Harary, F. (1994). Graph theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
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362 只需2比特,我们就可以完全准确地描述这一组织结构图:362页的组织结构图可以用四个计算机指令表示,或者2比特表示:
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Structure[standard tree]
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Supervisees per supervisor[3]
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Levels-like-this[4]
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Supervisees per supervisor at last level[>= 50, <= 100]
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362 每一个元素都需要被单独描述:Kolmogorov, A. N. (1968). Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information. International Journal of Computer Mathematics 2(1–4), 157–168.
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Kolmogorov, A. (1963). On tables of random numbers. Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A 25(4), 369–375.
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