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21.few people today readAlice in Wonderland: A fact bemoaned by Anthony Lane in “Go Ask Alice,”The New Yorker, June 8 and 15, 2015.
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第七章 与技术共事
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1.commuting a little less: www.governing.com/topics/transportation- infrastructure /how-america-stopped-commuting.html.
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2.attendance at movie theaters: www.slashfilm.com/box-office-attendance-hits-lowest-level-five-years.
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3.Vernor Vinge: V. Vinge (1993). “The Coming Technological Singularity.”Whole Earth Review, Winter.
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4.Ray Kurzweil: R. Kurzweil (2005).The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology.New York: Penguin Books.
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5.Nick Bostrom: N. Bostrom (2014).Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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6.Ian Tattersall: As told to Dan Falk in the online magazineeon: http://eon.co/magazine/science/was-human-evolution-inevitable-or-a-matter-of-luck.
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7.extensions of our bodies: A. Clark (2004).Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence.New York: Oxford University Press; J. H. Siegle and W. H. Warren (2010). “Distal Attribution and Distance Perception in Sensory Substitution.”Perception39(2): 208–223; R. Volcic, C. Fantoni, C. Caudek, J. A. Assad, and F. Domini (2013). “Visuomotor Adaptation Changes Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Tactile Discrimination.”The Journal of Neuroscience33(43): 17081–17088.
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8.when we search the Internet: D. M. Wegner and A. F. Ward (2013). “How Google Is Changing Your Brain.”Scientific American309(6): 58–61; and M. Fisher, M. K. Goddu, and F. C. Keil (2015). “Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General144(3): 674–687. See also A. F. Ward (2013). “Supernormal: How the Internet Is Changing Our Memories and Our Minds.”Psychological Inquiry24(4): 341–348.
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9.WebMD: Adrian F. Ward (May 2015), “Blurred Boundaries: Internet Search, Cognitive Self-Esteem, and Confidence in Decision-Making.” Talk presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, New York.
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10.fifty microprocessors each: auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-computer.htm.
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11.Elon Musk: fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon-musk-interview.
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12.compromise overall safety: S. Greengard (2009). “Making Automation Work.”Communications of the ACM52(12): 18–19.
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13.pilots … didn’t know what to do: www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/what-really-happened-aboard-airfrance-447-6611877.
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14.GPS master: Examples can be found at www.straightdope.com/columns/read/3119/has-anyone-gotten-hurt-or-killed-following-bad-gps-directions.
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15.Royal Majesty. The story is described in much greater detail in chapter 8 of A. Degani (2004).Taming HAL: Designing Interfaces Beyond 2001. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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16.more than on financial incentives: E. Bonabeau (2009). “Decisions 2.0: The Power of Collective Intelligence.”MIT Sloan Management Review50(2): 45–52.
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17.OED … is still doing so: For an engaging history of the OED, see S. Winchester (1998).The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary.New York: HarperCollins.
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18.PK-35: The story and conclusion come from E. Bonabeau (2009). “Decisions 2.0: The Power of Collective Intelligence.”MIT Sloan Management Review50(2): 45–52.
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19.Amazon ratings are not all they’re cracked up to be:B. De Langhe, P. M. Fernbach, and D. R. Lichtenstein (2015). “Navigating by the Stars: Investigating the Actual and Perceived Validity of Online User Ratings.”Journal of Consumer Research42: 817–830.
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20.The Wisdom of Crowds: F. Galton (1907).Vox Populi (the Wisdom of Crowds).First published inNature75(1949): 450–451. The topic is discussed in detail in J. Surowiecki (2005).The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
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21.within 1 percent of the ox’s true weight of 1,198 pounds: Despite frequent reports saying otherwise, he did not find that the mean weight was within 1 pound of the ox’s true weight. Nor did he find that the average was better than any individual guess.
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22.prediction market: K. J. Arrow, R. Forsythe, M. Gorham, R. Hahn, R. Hanson, J. O. Ledyard, S. Levmore, et al. (2008). “The Promise of Prediction Markets.”Science320(5878): 877–878.
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第八章 科学的错觉
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