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14.AAAS conclusion: Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods. American Association for the Advancement of Science, October 20, 2012. www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf.
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15.European Commission conclusion: A Decade of EU-funded GMO Research, 2001–2010. European Commission: Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Biotechnology. ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf.
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16.Florida orange crop: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/a-race-to-save-the-orange-by-altering-its-dna.html?page- wanted=all&_r=0.
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17.sunlight cannot get stuck in a window: Y. Zheng, L. E. Bolton, and J. W. Alba (working paper). “How Things Work: Production Matters in Technology Acceptance.”
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18.oversimplification of how the immune system works: www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-boost-your-immune-system.
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19.antibodies that target specific infections: www.biologymad.com/resources/Immunity%20Revision.pdf.
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20.Generalized versus specific immunity: This idea was inspired by a conversation with Joanna Arch.
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21.global warming in a short video: www.howglobalwarming works.org/.
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第九章 政治的错觉
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1.Kaiser Family Foundation: http://kff.org/health-reform/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-april-2013/.
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2.Ukraine’s location: www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/07/the-less-americans-know-about-ukraines-location-the-more-they-want-u-s-to-intervene.
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3.Oklahoma State University survey: Food Demand Survey, Oklahoma State Department of Agricultural Economics, 2(9), 2015. www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/17/over-80-percent-of-americanssupport-mandatory-labels-on-foods-containing-dna.
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4.Clint Eastwood quote: Interview,Time, February 20, 2005.
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5.groupthink:I. L. Janis (1983).Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 349.
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6.Polarization from discussion: An early paper showing this effect is D. Pruitt (1971). “Choice Shifts in Group Discussion: An Introductory Review.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology20(3): 339–360. A review of the literature can be found in D. J. Isenberg (1986). “Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology50(6): 1141–1151.
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7.illusion of explanatory depth with political issues: P. M. Fernbach, T. Rogers, C. Fox, and S. A. Sloman (2013). “Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding.”Psychological Science24(6): 939–946.
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8.Thinking increases extremism: A. Tesser, L. Martin, and M. Mendolia (1995). “The Impact of Thought on Attitude Extremity and Attitude-Behavior Consistency.” In ed. R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick,Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 73–92.
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9.intuitions and feelings: J. Haidt (2001). “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.”Psychological Review108(4): 814–834.
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10.Incest scenario: Ibid., 814.
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11.Causal analysis versus values: For a rich discussion of these issues, see J. Greene(2014).Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. New York: Penguin Books.
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12.Iranians’ attitudes: M. Dehghani, R. Iliev, S. Sachdeva, S. Atran, J. Ginges, and D. Medin (2009). “Emerging Sacred Values: Iran’s Nuclear Program.”Judgment and Decision Making4(7): 930–933.
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13.gay marriage: Changing attitudes on gay marriage, Pew Research Center, July 29, 2015. www.pewforum.org/2015/07/29/graphics-slideshow-changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage.
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14.material remuneration: J. Ginges, S. Atran, D. Medin, and K. Shikaki (2007). “Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104(18): 7357–7360.
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15.Not more open to new information: In a 2014 Brown University honors project by Julia Shube.
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第十章 聪明新定义
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