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20.Generalized versus specific immunity: This idea was inspired by a conversation with Joanna Arch.
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21.global warming in a short video: www.howglobalwarming works.org/.
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第九章 政治的错觉
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1.Kaiser Family Foundation: http://kff.org/health-reform/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-april-2013/.
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2.Ukraine’s location: www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/07/the-less-americans-know-about-ukraines-location-the-more-they-want-u-s-to-intervene.
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3.Oklahoma State University survey: Food Demand Survey, Oklahoma State Department of Agricultural Economics, 2(9), 2015. www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/17/over-80-percent-of-americanssupport-mandatory-labels-on-foods-containing-dna.
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4.Clint Eastwood quote: Interview,Time, February 20, 2005.
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5.groupthink:I. L. Janis (1983).Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 349.
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6.Polarization from discussion: An early paper showing this effect is D. Pruitt (1971). “Choice Shifts in Group Discussion: An Introductory Review.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology20(3): 339–360. A review of the literature can be found in D. J. Isenberg (1986). “Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology50(6): 1141–1151.
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7.illusion of explanatory depth with political issues: P. M. Fernbach, T. Rogers, C. Fox, and S. A. Sloman (2013). “Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding.”Psychological Science24(6): 939–946.
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8.Thinking increases extremism: A. Tesser, L. Martin, and M. Mendolia (1995). “The Impact of Thought on Attitude Extremity and Attitude-Behavior Consistency.” In ed. R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick,Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 73–92.
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9.intuitions and feelings: J. Haidt (2001). “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.”Psychological Review108(4): 814–834.
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10.Incest scenario: Ibid., 814.
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11.Causal analysis versus values: For a rich discussion of these issues, see J. Greene(2014).Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. New York: Penguin Books.
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12.Iranians’ attitudes: M. Dehghani, R. Iliev, S. Sachdeva, S. Atran, J. Ginges, and D. Medin (2009). “Emerging Sacred Values: Iran’s Nuclear Program.”Judgment and Decision Making4(7): 930–933.
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13.gay marriage: Changing attitudes on gay marriage, Pew Research Center, July 29, 2015. www.pewforum.org/2015/07/29/graphics-slideshow-changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage.
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14.material remuneration: J. Ginges, S. Atran, D. Medin, and K. Shikaki (2007). “Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104(18): 7357–7360.
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15.Not more open to new information: In a 2014 Brown University honors project by Julia Shube.
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第十章 聪明新定义
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1.Martin Luthar King Jr.: As Henry Louis Taylor Jr., professor of urban and regional planning at the University of Buffalo, says, “Everyone knows, even the smallest kid knows about Martin Luther King, can say his most famous moment was that ‘I have a dream’ speech. No one can go further than one sentence. All we know is that this guy had a dream. We don’t know what that dream was.” Reported by Deepti Hajela, Associated Press, January 21, 2008.
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2.Popular history: History is never so simple. See B. Hughes (2011).The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens, and the Search for the Good Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; and M. Singham (2007). “The Copernican Myths.”Physics Today60(12): 48–52.
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3.Copernicus: D. J. Boorstin (1985).The Discoverers. New York: Vintage Books.
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4.Einstein: G. Holton (1981). “Einstein’s Search for the ‘Weltbild.’ ”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society125(1): 1–15.
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5.documented cases: D. Lamb and S. M. Easton (1984).Multiple Discovery: The Pattern of Scientific Progress. Amersham: Avebury Publishing Company, 70. The authors conclude that “multiple discovery is a normal feature of science.”
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6.Scerri: E. Scerri (2015). “The Discovery of the Periodic Table as a Case of Simultaneous Discovery.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A373(2097): 20140172.
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