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15.Not more open to new information: In a 2014 Brown University honors project by Julia Shube.
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第十章 聪明新定义
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1.Martin Luthar King Jr.: As Henry Louis Taylor Jr., professor of urban and regional planning at the University of Buffalo, says, “Everyone knows, even the smallest kid knows about Martin Luther King, can say his most famous moment was that ‘I have a dream’ speech. No one can go further than one sentence. All we know is that this guy had a dream. We don’t know what that dream was.” Reported by Deepti Hajela, Associated Press, January 21, 2008.
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2.Popular history: History is never so simple. See B. Hughes (2011).The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens, and the Search for the Good Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; and M. Singham (2007). “The Copernican Myths.”Physics Today60(12): 48–52.
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3.Copernicus: D. J. Boorstin (1985).The Discoverers. New York: Vintage Books.
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4.Einstein: G. Holton (1981). “Einstein’s Search for the ‘Weltbild.’ ”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society125(1): 1–15.
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5.documented cases: D. Lamb and S. M. Easton (1984).Multiple Discovery: The Pattern of Scientific Progress. Amersham: Avebury Publishing Company, 70. The authors conclude that “multiple discovery is a normal feature of science.”
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6.Scerri: E. Scerri (2015). “The Discovery of the Periodic Table as a Case of Simultaneous Discovery.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A373(2097): 20140172.
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7.CRISPR/Cas9: www.wired.com/2015/10/battle-genome-editing-gets- science-wrong.
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8.fluid versus crystallized intelligence: R. R. Cattell (1943). “The Measurement of Adult Intelligence.”Psychological Bulletin40: 153–193; J. L. Horn (1976). “Human Abilities: A Review of Research and Theory in the Early 1970’s.”Annual Review of Psychology27(1): 437–485.
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9.three separate skills: W. Johnson and T. J. Bouchard (2005). “The Structure of Human Intelligence: It Is Verbal, Perceptual, and Image Rotation (VPR), Not Fluid and Crystallized.”Intelligence33(4): 393–416.
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10.eight distinct dimensions: H. Gardner (1999).Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century.New York: Basic Books.
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11.The basic skill set: Ed. R. J. Sternberg and S.B. Kaufman (2011).The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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12.objective definition
:They call these operational definitions.
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13.The first modern intelligence test: M. Alfano, T. Holden, and A. Conway (2017). “Intelligence, Race, and Psychological Testing.”Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race.New York: Oxford University Press.
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14.Charles Spearman: C. Spearman (1904). “ ‘General Intelligence,’ Objectively Determined and Measured.”The American Journal of Psychology15(2): 201–292. More recent evidence comes from an exhaustive survey by J. B. Carroll (1993).Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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15.best predictors: I. J. Deary (2001). “Human Intelligence Differences: A Recent History.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences5(3): 127–130.
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16.data from 127 studies: N. R. Kuncel, S. A. Hezlett, and D. S. Ones (2004). “Academic Performance, Career Potential, Creativity, and Job Performance: Can One Construct Predict Them All?”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology86(1): 148–161.
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17.gamblers: S. J. Ceci and J. K. Liker (1986). “A Day at the Races: A Study of IQ, Expertise, and Cognitive Complexity.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General115(3): 255–266.
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18.Anita Woolley:A. W. Woolley, C. F. Chabris, A. Pentland, N. Hashmi, and T. W. Malone (2010). “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups.”Science330(6004): 686–688.
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19.whatcis measuring: J. Salminen (2012). “Collective Intelligence in Humans: A Literature Review.” arxiv.org/pdf/1204.3401.pdf.
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20.Avin Rabheru
:www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/jun/05/good-ideas-overrated-investor-entrepreneur.
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21.esprit de corps: www.paulgraham.com/startupmistakes.html.
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第十一章 变得更聪明
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1.Brazilian inflation
:www.inf lation.eu/inf lation-rates/brazil/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-brazil.aspx.
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