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3.Copernicus: D. J. Boorstin (1985).The Discoverers. New York: Vintage Books.
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4.Einstein: G. Holton (1981). “Einstein’s Search for the ‘Weltbild.’ ”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society125(1): 1–15.
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5.documented cases: D. Lamb and S. M. Easton (1984).Multiple Discovery: The Pattern of Scientific Progress. Amersham: Avebury Publishing Company, 70. The authors conclude that “multiple discovery is a normal feature of science.”
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6.Scerri: E. Scerri (2015). “The Discovery of the Periodic Table as a Case of Simultaneous Discovery.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A373(2097): 20140172.
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7.CRISPR/Cas9: www.wired.com/2015/10/battle-genome-editing-gets- science-wrong.
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8.fluid versus crystallized intelligence: R. R. Cattell (1943). “The Measurement of Adult Intelligence.”Psychological Bulletin40: 153–193; J. L. Horn (1976). “Human Abilities: A Review of Research and Theory in the Early 1970’s.”Annual Review of Psychology27(1): 437–485.
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9.three separate skills: W. Johnson and T. J. Bouchard (2005). “The Structure of Human Intelligence: It Is Verbal, Perceptual, and Image Rotation (VPR), Not Fluid and Crystallized.”Intelligence33(4): 393–416.
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10.eight distinct dimensions: H. Gardner (1999).Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century.New York: Basic Books.
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11.The basic skill set: Ed. R. J. Sternberg and S.B. Kaufman (2011).The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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12.objective definition
:They call these operational definitions.
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13.The first modern intelligence test: M. Alfano, T. Holden, and A. Conway (2017). “Intelligence, Race, and Psychological Testing.”Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race.New York: Oxford University Press.
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14.Charles Spearman: C. Spearman (1904). “ ‘General Intelligence,’ Objectively Determined and Measured.”The American Journal of Psychology15(2): 201–292. More recent evidence comes from an exhaustive survey by J. B. Carroll (1993).Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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15.best predictors: I. J. Deary (2001). “Human Intelligence Differences: A Recent History.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences5(3): 127–130.
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16.data from 127 studies: N. R. Kuncel, S. A. Hezlett, and D. S. Ones (2004). “Academic Performance, Career Potential, Creativity, and Job Performance: Can One Construct Predict Them All?”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology86(1): 148–161.
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17.gamblers: S. J. Ceci and J. K. Liker (1986). “A Day at the Races: A Study of IQ, Expertise, and Cognitive Complexity.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General115(3): 255–266.
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18.Anita Woolley:A. W. Woolley, C. F. Chabris, A. Pentland, N. Hashmi, and T. W. Malone (2010). “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups.”Science330(6004): 686–688.
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19.whatcis measuring: J. Salminen (2012). “Collective Intelligence in Humans: A Literature Review.” arxiv.org/pdf/1204.3401.pdf.
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20.Avin Rabheru
:www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/jun/05/good-ideas-overrated-investor-entrepreneur.
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21.esprit de corps: www.paulgraham.com/startupmistakes.html.
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第十一章 变得更聪明
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1.Brazilian inflation
:www.inf lation.eu/inf lation-rates/brazil/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-brazil.aspx.
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2.administered a series of tests: G. B. Saxe (1988). “The Mathematics of Child Street Vendors.”Child Development59(5): 1415–1425.
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3.Dewey quote:J. Dewey (1938).Education and Experience. New York: Macmillan, 63.
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4.students care about: A rich discussion can be found in D. Perkins (1995).Smart Schools: Better Thinking and Learning for Every Child. New York: The Free Press.
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5.illusion of comprehension:W. Epstein, A. M. Glenberg, and M. M. Bradley (1984). “Coactivation and Comprehension: Contribution of Text Variables to the Illusion of Knowing.”Memory & Cognition12(4): 355–360; A. M. Glenberg, A. C. Wilkinson, and W. Epstein (1982). “The Illusion of Knowing: Failure in the Self-Assessment of Comprehension.”Memory & Cognition10(6): 597–602.
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