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10.eight distinct dimensions: H. Gardner (1999).Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century.New York: Basic Books.
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11.The basic skill set: Ed. R. J. Sternberg and S.B. Kaufman (2011).The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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12.objective definition
:They call these operational definitions.
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13.The first modern intelligence test: M. Alfano, T. Holden, and A. Conway (2017). “Intelligence, Race, and Psychological Testing.”Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race.New York: Oxford University Press.
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14.Charles Spearman: C. Spearman (1904). “ ‘General Intelligence,’ Objectively Determined and Measured.”The American Journal of Psychology15(2): 201–292. More recent evidence comes from an exhaustive survey by J. B. Carroll (1993).Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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15.best predictors: I. J. Deary (2001). “Human Intelligence Differences: A Recent History.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences5(3): 127–130.
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16.data from 127 studies: N. R. Kuncel, S. A. Hezlett, and D. S. Ones (2004). “Academic Performance, Career Potential, Creativity, and Job Performance: Can One Construct Predict Them All?”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology86(1): 148–161.
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17.gamblers: S. J. Ceci and J. K. Liker (1986). “A Day at the Races: A Study of IQ, Expertise, and Cognitive Complexity.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General115(3): 255–266.
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18.Anita Woolley:A. W. Woolley, C. F. Chabris, A. Pentland, N. Hashmi, and T. W. Malone (2010). “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups.”Science330(6004): 686–688.
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19.whatcis measuring: J. Salminen (2012). “Collective Intelligence in Humans: A Literature Review.” arxiv.org/pdf/1204.3401.pdf.
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20.Avin Rabheru
:www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/jun/05/good-ideas-overrated-investor-entrepreneur.
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21.esprit de corps: www.paulgraham.com/startupmistakes.html.
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第十一章 变得更聪明
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1.Brazilian inflation
:www.inf lation.eu/inf lation-rates/brazil/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-brazil.aspx.
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2.administered a series of tests: G. B. Saxe (1988). “The Mathematics of Child Street Vendors.”Child Development59(5): 1415–1425.
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3.Dewey quote:J. Dewey (1938).Education and Experience. New York: Macmillan, 63.
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4.students care about: A rich discussion can be found in D. Perkins (1995).Smart Schools: Better Thinking and Learning for Every Child. New York: The Free Press.
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5.illusion of comprehension:W. Epstein, A. M. Glenberg, and M. M. Bradley (1984). “Coactivation and Comprehension: Contribution of Text Variables to the Illusion of Knowing.”Memory & Cognition12(4): 355–360; A. M. Glenberg, A. C. Wilkinson, and W. Epstein (1982). “The Illusion of Knowing: Failure in the Self-Assessment of Comprehension.”Memory & Cognition10(6): 597–602.
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6.inverted text:P. A. Kolers (1976). “Reading a Year Later.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory2(5): 554–565.
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7.Jimi Hendrix
:For many more examples, see www.kissthisguy.com.
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9.the mistaken belief:A point made by philosophers Rom Harré and John Hardwig and by education theorists Stephen Norris, David Perkins, and Neil Postman. See, for instance, S. Norris (1995). “Learning to Live with Scientific Expertise: Toward a Theory of Intellectual Communalism for Guiding Science Teaching.”Science Education, 79(2): 201-217.
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10.Ignorance course:S. Firestein (2012).Ignorance. New York: Oxford University Press.
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11.National Council for the Social Studies: National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: A Framework for Teaching, Learning and Assessment.National Council for the Social Studies, 2010.
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12.NRC
:National Research Council (1996).National Science Education Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; H. A. Schweingruber, R. A. Duschl, and A. W. Shouse, ed. (2007).Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8.Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
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