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11.National Council for the Social Studies: National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: A Framework for Teaching, Learning and Assessment.National Council for the Social Studies, 2010.
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12.NRC
:National Research Council (1996).National Science Education Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; H. A. Schweingruber, R. A. Duschl, and A. W. Shouse, ed. (2007).Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8.Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
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13.“nature of science”:B. Alberts (2009). “Redefining Science Education.”Science323(5913): 437. In direct support of this complaint, a study looked at the exams and quizzes used in a variety of introductory biology courses at the college level and concluded “that introductory biology courses emphasize facts more than higher-order thinking.” J. L. Momsen, T. M. Long, S. A. Wyse, and D. Ebert-May (2010). “Just the Facts? Introductory Undergraduate Biology Courses Focus on Low-Level Cognitive Skills.”CBE Life Sciences Education9(4): 435–440.
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14.a philosophy to teach science: N. G. Lederman (2007). “Nature of Science: Past, Present, and Future.” Ed. S. K. Abell and N. G. Lederman.Handbook of Research on Science Education. New York: Routledge, 831–879.
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16.based on authority
:Philosophers call this epistemic dependence.
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17.1950–2014
:U.S. National Library of Medicine. www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/authors1.html.
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18.trust ourselves
:This is another point emphasized by Stephen Norris (1995), 211.
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19.“person-solo”:A term used by Perkins,Smart Schools, 132, to argue in favor of attending to social learning, to distributed cognition in the classroom.
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20.to figure things out interactively
:This view is argued for by R. Pea (1993). “Practices of Distributed Intelligence and Designs for Education.” In ed. G. Salomon,Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 47–87.
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21.Ann Brown quote:A. L. Brown (1997). “Transforming Schools into Communities of Thinking and Learning About Serious Matters.”American Psychologist52(4): 399–413.
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22.diversity in the classroom:A. L. Brown and J. C. Campione (1994). “Guided Discovery in a Community of Learners.” In ed. Kate McGilly,Classroom Lessons: Integrating Cognitive Theory and Classroom Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 229–270.
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23.“peer education”
:See, for instance, E. Phelps and W. Damon (1989). “Problem Solving with Equals: Peer Collaboration as a Context for Learning Mathematics and Spatial Concepts.”Journal of Educational Psychology81(4): 639–646.
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25.generate explanations:J. J. Williams and T. Lombrozo (2013). “Explanation and Prior Knowledge Interact to Guide Learning.”Cognitive Psychology66(1): 55–84.
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26.what you need to get a job:A point made by F. Zakaria (2015).In Defense of a Liberal Education. New York: W. W. Norton; and by N. Postman (1995).The End of Education. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
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27.“troll farm”: A. Chen, “The Agency.”New York Times Magazine, June 2, 2015.
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第十二章 做更聪明的决策
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1.Craig McKenzie:C. R. M. McKenzie and M. J. Liersch (2011). “Misunderstanding Savings Growth: Implications for Retirement Savings Behavior.”Journal of Marketing Research48: S1–S13.
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2.Jack Soll:J. B. Soll, R. L. Keeney, and R. P. Larrick (2013). “Consumer Misunderstanding of Credit Card Use, Payments, and Debt: Causes and Solutions.”Journal of Public Policy & Marketing32(1): 66–81.
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4.a little explanation:P. M. Fernbach, S. A. Sloman, R. St. Louis, and J. N. Shube (2013). “Explanation Fiends and Foes: How Mechanistic Detail Determines Understanding and Preference.”Journal of Consumer Research39(5): 1115–1131.
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5.skin care:T. Caulfield (2015). “The Pseudoscience of Beauty Products.”The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/05/the-pseudoscience-of-beauty-products/392201/; Z. Liu (2014). “How Cosmetic Companies Get Away with Pseudoscience.”Pacific Standard. www.psmag.com/nature-and-technology/cosmetic-companies-get-away-pseudoscience-placebo-week-92455.
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6.$2,000 in thirty days:A. Lusardi, D. J. Schneider, and P. Tufano (2011).Financially Fragile Households: Evidence and Implications.National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17072.
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7.enough savings to live on for three years:D. Rosnick and D. Baker (2014).The Wealth of Households: An Analysis of the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances.Center for Economic and Policy Research. ww.scribd.com/doc/245746907/The-Wealth-of-Households.
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