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[15] Thomas Nagel, Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False (Oxford University Press, 2012).
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[16] Brian Leiter and Michael Weisberg,“Do You Only Have a Brain? On Thomas Nagel,” The Nation, October 22, 2012.
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[17] Elliot Sober,“Remarkable Facts: Ending Science as We Know It,” The Boston Review, November/December 2012.
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[18] Amartya Sen,“What Happened to Europe? Democracy and the Decisions of Bankers,” The New Republic, August 23, 2012.
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[19] Timothy Garton Ash, “The Crisis of Europe: How the Union Came Together and Why It’s Falling Apart,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012.
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[20] Jürgen Habermas and Francis Fukuyama, “The European Citizen: Just a Myth?”The Global Journal, May 18, 2012.
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[21] Perry Anderson,“Turmoil in Europe,” New Left Review 73, January-February 2012.
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[22] Niall Ferguson,“Populism Takes an Ominous Turn,” The Daily Beast, October 8, 2012.
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[23] Noam Chomsky and others, An Open Message to All Who Seek A New and Better World, International Organization for a Participatory Society, http://www.iopsociety.org/blog/openletter-about-iops.
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[24] Stuart Jeffries,“Why Marxism is on the Rise Again,” The Guardian, July 4, 2012.
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[25] Alexander Barker and Alex Niven,“An Interview with Terry Eagleton,” Oxonian Review, Issue 19.4, June 4, 2012.
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[26] Alan Johnson, “The New Communism: Resurrecting the Utopian Delusion,” World Affairs, May/June 2012.
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[27] Stuart Jeffries,“Why Marxism is On the Rise Again,” The Guardian, July 4, 2012.
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[28] Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty, Crown Business, 2012.
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[29] Francis Fukuyama, “Acemoglu and Robinson on Why Nations Fail,” March 26, 2012(http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/03/26/acemoglu-and-robinson-on-why-nationsfail).
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[30] Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, “Response to Fukuyama’s Review,” April 30, 2012 (http://whynationsfail.com/blog/2012/4/30/response-to-fukuyamas-review.html).
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[31] Jeffrey D. Sachs, Government,“ Geography, and Growth: The True Drivers of Economic Development,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012.
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[32] Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, “Response to Jeffrey Sachs,” November 21, 2012 (http://whynationsfail.com/blog/2012/11/21/response-to-jeffrey-sachs.html).
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2000年以来的西方 2011年
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第四波民主化？
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突尼斯骚乱之初，几乎无人预见这会在周边地区引发连锁反应。毕竟，突尼斯社会太过“西方化”，缺乏阿拉伯国家的典型特征。欧美的中东问题专家们谨慎告诫“埃及不是突尼斯”，然后“利比亚不是埃及”。这一切都似曾相识。1989年讨论东欧变局问题，也有专家适时提醒“X不是Y”。森林中没有两片相同的树叶，但所有的树叶仍然是树叶，更为困难的判断是哪些树叶在何种条件下可以被归为同类。每一个旧制度的解体都有其自身的历史与社会原因，影响着政治转变的进程，也可能导致相当不同的结局。
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亨廷顿曾描述了一个长达二十年之久的世界性民主化浪潮——从20世纪70年代的南欧到1989/1991年的东欧剧变。在此期间“民主政体”从四十多个增加到一百多个，他称之为民主化的“第三波”。随着北非与西亚地区民众抗议的蔓延与升级，“阿拉伯之春”开始作为一个总体趋势被人讨论，关于“第四波”（The Fourth Wave）的想象不再匪夷所思。
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