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(12) Bhaskar, R., A Realist Theory of Science, Leeds, 1975.
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(13) Harré, R., The Principles of Scientific Thinking, London, 1970.
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(14) Lösch, A., The Economics of Location, New Haven, 1954.
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(15) 参见Sack对非同或相邻法则的讨论, Sack, R. D., Conceptions of Space in Social Thought, London and Minneaspolis, 1980, pp. 66ff。
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(16) Harvey, D., The Limits to Capital, Oxford, 1982.
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(17) Sayer, A., Method in Social Science: A realist Approach, London, 1984.
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(18) Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977.
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(19) Sayer, A., “Epistemology and Conceptions of People and Nature in Geography,” Geoforum, Vol. 10, 1979, pp. 19—44.
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(20) Lefebvre, H., “Reflections on the Politics of Space,” Antipode, 1976, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 30—37.
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(21) 参见Sayer, A., Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach, London, 1984。
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(22) Saunders, P., Social Theory and the Urban Question, London, 1981.
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(23) Soja, E., “The Socio-spatial Dialectic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, Vol. 70, pp. 207—225.
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(24) Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977, p. 115.我不知道Castells所说的“接合法则”(conjunctural laws)是什么意思。
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(25) Lefebvre, H., “Reflections on the Politics of Space,” Antipode, 1976, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 30—37.
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(26) Sayer, A., Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach, London, 1984.
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(27) Sack, R. D., Conceptions of Space in Social Thought, London and Minneaspolis, 1980, p. 18.
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(28) Pickvance, C., “Policies as Chameleons: An Interpretation of Regional Policy and Office Policy in Britain” in Dear, M. and Scott, A. J., eds., Urbanisation and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society, London, 1981, pp. 231—265.
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(29) 工党议会发言人工作组(1980)。
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(30) 参见Williams, R., Politics and Letters, London, 1979; Williams, R., “Democracy and Parliament,” Marxism Today, 1982, Vol. 26 (6) pp. 14—21。
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社会关系与空间结构 第五章 空间、城市与城市社会学
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彼得·桑德斯
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一切社会活动都在时间和空间中进行。如许多著作最近所指出(1),这不仅意味着一切人类活动都出现在特定的地点和时间——这在吉登斯看来已经是“陈词滥调”(2)——而且意味着人类活动的地点和时间对于解释和理解这些活动具有重要意义。
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重要的是注意社会科学家早就认识到时间和空间在社会现象解释中的意义。例如,政治地理学家许多年来一直有兴趣地分析地点对投票行为的影响,并且已经表明生活在中产阶级地区的手工工人在投票时比生活在工人阶级地区的手工工人更保守。社会学家关于阶级图像(class imagery)的研究同样表明,地方环境对于保持恭顺的、无产阶级化的或私有化的社会图像(images of society)有重要意义。最近,关于“地方国家”(local state)的研究已经表明,不同的地方历史导致了不同的地方政治结构,这有助于解释为什么一些地区的地方当局(例如,所谓的“南约克郡社会主义共和国”)采取了激进的计划,而另一些地区的地方当局则没有。社会科学显然没有忽视时间和空间。(3)
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