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然而，更为细致的观察表明，追问阶级是否“碎片化”会回避一个在先的问题，即阶级如何通过人类经验和实践活动形成。这样提问设定了一个经验主义的或结构功能主义的观念，即阶级是一个单一“物”，如果不被统一起来，换言之，如果我们几乎不能够对它进行经验性的概括，这个单一“物”就缺乏真实性。(60)但是阶级并非在这个意义上存在。阶级是一个生活维度，人们或多或少会强烈地感到这个维度依赖于环境。即便在最为专制的公司城（company town）中讨生活的煤矿工人也不会被其工人阶级地位完全限制。当阶级以特定的方式成为生活的一部分时，人们体验到它的存在，并且正是在他们所体验和直接理解的当下环境中，并通过这种环境，人们开始认识到阶级的力量。如同吉登斯所指出：“阶级界线不可能在理论上被设定：针对经验社会的阶级分析的一个具体目标必然是确定阶级原则无论如何在多大程度上已经被确立为一种结构化模式。”(61)因此，人们从实践层面理解阶级关系的唯一方式是碎片化的方式。当然，他们在此基础上也许会或者不会骤然转而把阶级视为一个抽象和推论的概念。
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有人说过，这种结构既使人类行动成为可能，也限制了人类行动；有人也可能会说，能动性既使结构成为可能，也限制了结构。这也适用于那些乍看起来会削弱阶级结构化力量的各种子结构（substructures）。换言之，虽然诸如分工或空间关系等相互竞争的结构在日常生活中对阶级力量有削弱作用，但是这些结构也会有刺激作用。例如，就民族主义的阶级形成而言，情况就是这样。受地点束缚的群体在工作场所和社群中的空间邻近和传统对于澄清阶级关系的那种经验和知识而言是非常重要的基础——这就是为什么我们发现所有工人中煤矿工人常常最具有阶级意识的原因。
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因此，问题并非是阶级是否碎片化了，而是日常生活的碎片是否为阶级主导的制度、实践和洞见的形成提供了一个基础。人们遭遇劳动—资本关系的方式会凸显或遮蔽其生存的阶级维度吗？遭遇这种关系的方式会使他们能够更有力地建立发展阶级主导的组织、活动或政治，并因此使他们进行阶级结构再生产的力度逐步增强吗？某些简单和惯常的行为，例如去营利性公司工作，仅在弱意义上创造了阶级结构的现实。创造一个一致的工人阶级或分化的阶级社会是一个累积的历史过程，这个过程既依赖于现有的公共物质资源，也依赖于从中创造进一步的资源。因此，建立阶级组织、阶级政治或阶级文化之努力的重大失败真正削弱了阶级结构化的力量。(62)这种方法并没有否认，如果条件成熟，阶级分化能够非常快速地推进。但这种方法暗示，在人文地理中如同在自然地理中一样，常常是较慢的、不太剧烈的构造和毁坏过程从长期来看具有最大的影响。
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(1) 参见Przeworski的“Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies”（载Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7）和Wright的“Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure”（载Politics and Society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322）中的评论。
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(2) Lukács, G., History and Class Consciousness, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971.
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(3) Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class, Harmondsworth, 1968.
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(4) Anderson, P., Arguments with in English Marxism, London, 1980.
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(5) Przeworski, A., “Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies,” Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7, pp. 343－401.
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(6) 参见Connell, R. W., “A Critique of the Althusserian Approach to Class,” Theory and Society, 1979, Vol. 8, 321－345; MacKenzie, G., “Class Boundaries and the Labour Process” in Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 63－87; Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., Class, Crisis and the State, 1978。
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(7) Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., Class, Crisis and the State, 1978; Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure”, Politics and society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322．也见Carchedi, G., On the Economic Identification of Social Classes. London, 1977.
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(8) MacKenzie, G., “Class Boundaries and the Labour Process” in Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, p. 74.
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(9) 这一讨论以Giddens的Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (London and Berkeley, 1979)、Bhaskar的“On the Possibility of Social Scientific Knowledge and the Limits of Naturalism”(载Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1978, Vol. 8, pp. 1－28)、Sayer的“Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction versus Generalisation”（载Progress in Human Geography, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 68－88）、Bourdieu的Outline of a Theory of Practice（Cambridge, 1977）和Harvey的Social Justice and the City（London, 1973）为基础。
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(10) Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, 1977.
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(11) Dahrendorf, I., Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, Stanford, 1959.
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(12) Wright, E. O., “Giddens’s Critique of Marxism,” New Left Review, 1983, Vol. 138, pp. 11－36.
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(13) Sayer, A., “Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction versus Generalisation,” Progress in Human Geography, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 68－88.
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(14) Wright, E. O., “The Status of the Political in the Concept of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 321－341; Roemer, J., “New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 253－287.
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(15) Przeworski, A., “Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies,” Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7, pp. 343－401.
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(16) Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure,” Politics and society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322.
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(17) Braverman, H., Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, 1974.
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(18) Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322.
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(19) Harvey, D., The limits to capital, Oxford, 1982.
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(20) Carchedi, G., On the Economic Identification of Social Classes, London, 1977.也见MacKenzie的“Class Boundaries and the Labour Process”（载Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 63－87）对于Carchedi的赞同性批评以及Connell的“A Critique of the Althusserian Approach to Class”（载Theory and Society, 1979, Vol. 8, pp. 321－345）对他的无情痛斥。必须承认,我自己先前的阶级观念过于静态了。参见Walker, R. and Greenberg, D., “Postindustrialism and Political Reform in the City: A Critique,” Antipode, 1982, Vol. 14, pp. 17－32。
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(21) 关于基础主义批判，参见Giddens及其追随者的著作，例如Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979；和Giddens, A., A Contem porary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981。
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(22) Wright, E. O., “The Status of the Political in the Concept of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 321－341.
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