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因此，问题并非是阶级是否碎片化了，而是日常生活的碎片是否为阶级主导的制度、实践和洞见的形成提供了一个基础。人们遭遇劳动—资本关系的方式会凸显或遮蔽其生存的阶级维度吗？遭遇这种关系的方式会使他们能够更有力地建立发展阶级主导的组织、活动或政治，并因此使他们进行阶级结构再生产的力度逐步增强吗？某些简单和惯常的行为，例如去营利性公司工作，仅在弱意义上创造了阶级结构的现实。创造一个一致的工人阶级或分化的阶级社会是一个累积的历史过程，这个过程既依赖于现有的公共物质资源，也依赖于从中创造进一步的资源。因此，建立阶级组织、阶级政治或阶级文化之努力的重大失败真正削弱了阶级结构化的力量。(62)这种方法并没有否认，如果条件成熟，阶级分化能够非常快速地推进。但这种方法暗示，在人文地理中如同在自然地理中一样，常常是较慢的、不太剧烈的构造和毁坏过程从长期来看具有最大的影响。
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(1) 参见Przeworski的“Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies”（载Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7）和Wright的“Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure”（载Politics and Society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322）中的评论。
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(2) Lukács, G., History and Class Consciousness, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971.
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(3) Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class, Harmondsworth, 1968.
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(4) Anderson, P., Arguments with in English Marxism, London, 1980.
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(5) Przeworski, A., “Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies,” Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7, pp. 343－401.
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(6) 参见Connell, R. W., “A Critique of the Althusserian Approach to Class,” Theory and Society, 1979, Vol. 8, 321－345; MacKenzie, G., “Class Boundaries and the Labour Process” in Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 63－87; Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., Class, Crisis and the State, 1978。
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(7) Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., Class, Crisis and the State, 1978; Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure”, Politics and society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322．也见Carchedi, G., On the Economic Identification of Social Classes. London, 1977.
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(8) MacKenzie, G., “Class Boundaries and the Labour Process” in Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, p. 74.
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(9) 这一讨论以Giddens的Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (London and Berkeley, 1979)、Bhaskar的“On the Possibility of Social Scientific Knowledge and the Limits of Naturalism”(载Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1978, Vol. 8, pp. 1－28)、Sayer的“Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction versus Generalisation”（载Progress in Human Geography, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 68－88）、Bourdieu的Outline of a Theory of Practice（Cambridge, 1977）和Harvey的Social Justice and the City（London, 1973）为基础。
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(10) Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, 1977.
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(11) Dahrendorf, I., Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, Stanford, 1959.
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(12) Wright, E. O., “Giddens’s Critique of Marxism,” New Left Review, 1983, Vol. 138, pp. 11－36.
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(13) Sayer, A., “Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction versus Generalisation,” Progress in Human Geography, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 68－88.
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(14) Wright, E. O., “The Status of the Political in the Concept of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 321－341; Roemer, J., “New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 253－287.
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(15) Przeworski, A., “Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky’s The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies,” Politics and Society, 1976, Vol. 7, pp. 343－401.
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(16) Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure,” Politics and society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322.
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(17) Braverman, H., Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, 1974.
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(18) Wright, E. O., “Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,” New Left Review, 1976, Vol. 98, pp. 3－41; Wright, E. O., “Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 299－322.
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(19) Harvey, D., The limits to capital, Oxford, 1982.
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(20) Carchedi, G., On the Economic Identification of Social Classes, London, 1977.也见MacKenzie的“Class Boundaries and the Labour Process”（载Giddens and Mackenzie, eds., Social Class and the Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 63－87）对于Carchedi的赞同性批评以及Connell的“A Critique of the Althusserian Approach to Class”（载Theory and Society, 1979, Vol. 8, pp. 321－345）对他的无情痛斥。必须承认,我自己先前的阶级观念过于静态了。参见Walker, R. and Greenberg, D., “Postindustrialism and Political Reform in the City: A Critique,” Antipode, 1982, Vol. 14, pp. 17－32。
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(21) 关于基础主义批判，参见Giddens及其追随者的著作，例如Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979；和Giddens, A., A Contem porary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981。
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(22) Wright, E. O., “The Status of the Political in the Concept of Class Structure,” Politics and Society, 1982, Vol. 11, pp. 321－341.
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(23) 参见Cohen, G. A., Karl Marx’s Theory of History: a Defence, Oxford and Princeton, 1978。
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(24) Marx, K., Capital, London, 1967（1867年首次出版），ch. 14。
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