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(22) Cooke, P., “Class Relation and Uneven Development in Wales” in Day, G. et al., eds., Diversity and Decomposition in the Labour market, Farnborough, 1982, pp. 151-156.
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(23) Simth, D., “Tonypandy 1910: Definitions of Community,” Past and Present, 1980, Vol. 87, p. 161.
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(24) Macintyre, S., Little Moscows. Communism and Working-class Militancy in Inter-war Britain, London, 1980, p. 114.
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(25) 关于按照这些思路进行的更为一般的相关论证,参见Walby, S., “Women’s Unemployment: Some Spatial and Historixal Variations” in Murgatroyd, L., Savage, M., Shapiro, D., Urry, J., Walby, S. and Warde, A., Localities, Class and Gender, London, 1983。
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(26) 作为著名新教中心的地区,这个南威尔士的小地方在重工业中坚持雇佣女性,但这一做法并不仅限于此地。英格兰北部地区甚至马塞诸塞州的纺织业地区也是可以比较的例子。参见Dawley, A., Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976; Joyce, P., Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England, Brighton, 1980; Hareven, T., Family Time and Industrial Time. The Relationship between the Family and Work in a New England Industrial Community, Cambridge, 1982。
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(27) 某些马克思主义女性主义者已经论证了这种功能主义观点,参见Himmelweit, S. and Mohun, S., “Domestic Labour and Capital,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1977, Vol. 1, pp. 15-31; Beechey, V., “Some Notes on Female Wage Labour in Capitalist Production,” Capital and Class, 1977, Vol. 3, pp. 45-66.; Molyneux, M., “Beyond the Housework Debate,” New Left Review, 1979, Vol. 116, pp. 3-28。
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(28) Macintyre, S., Little Moscows. Communism and Working-class Militancy in Inter-war Britain, London, 1980.
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(29) Jenkins, D., “Rural Society Outside” in Smith, D., ed., A People and Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980, London, 1980, pp. 114-126.
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(30) Daunton, M., “‘Miners’ houses: South Wales and the Great Northern Coalfield, 1880-1914,” International Review of Social History, 1980, Vol. 25, pp. 143-175; Daunton, M., “Down the Pit: Work in the Great Northern and South Wales Coalfields, 1870-1914,” Economic History Review, 1981, Vol. 34, pp. 578-597.
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(31) Jones, I., “Language and Community in Nineteenth-century Wales” in Smith, D., ed., A People and Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales1780-1980, London, 1980, pp. 47-71.
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(32) Morgan, K. O., Rebirth of a Nation: Wales1880-1980, Oxford, 1982, p. 46.
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(33) Blanch, M., “Imperialism, Nationalism and Organised Youth” in Clarke, J. Critcher, C. and Johnson, R., eds., Working Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, London, 1979, pp. 103-120.
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(34) 关于反抗意识与组织的详细论述,参见Francis, H. and Smith, D., The Fed: A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century, 1980; Smith, D., Conflict and Compromise: Class Formation in English Society 1830-1914, London, 1980。
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(35) “塔夫河谷案”是工会史上臭名昭著的例子,其名源自一条连接煤田与加迪夫主要煤炭出口中心的铁路线。参见Saville, J., “Trade Unions and Free La-bour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision” in Briggs, A. and Saville, J. eds., Essays in Labour History, London, 1960, pp. 317-350。
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(36) Francis, H. and Smith, D., The Fed: A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century, London, 1980, p. 34.
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(37) 直至1937年英格兰和威尔士的平均死亡率降至0.9%时,煤田中心地区仍然高达1.3%,官方宣布近15%的儿童营养不良。参见Morgan, K. O., Rebirth of A Nation: Wales 1880-1980, Oxford, 1982, p. 233。
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(38) Foot, M., Aneurin Bevan, Vol. 1, 1897-1945, London, 1962, p. 63.
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(39) Egan, D., “The Unofficial Reform Committee and the Miners” Next Step, Llafur, 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 64-80.
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(40) Williams, G., The Welsh in their History, London, 1982, p. 1.
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(41) 布尔迪厄对“习性”的定义是:“持久、可互换的性情系统,先天要去结构种种结构的结构化的结构,也就是说,其功能是一代人的准则和实践活动与表现的结构。在不遵从法则的情况下,这些活动与表现可以被‘客观地制约’和‘符合规则’。在没有有意识地预期目标或掌握达到目标所必要的活动的情况下,客观地适应目标”(Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, 1977, p. 72)。这是对南威尔士地区非批判地接受性别不平等的准确“描述”,但无助于“解释”这些实践所包含的选择性。
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社会关系与空间结构 第十一章 资本重组、地方政治经济学与家庭工作策略
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R. E. 帕尔
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国内和国际的资本重组正在使城市经济和地区经济发生迅猛的变化,这如今已经是一个老生常谈的看法了。(1)在那些曾经寻找“新”城市社会学的学者中,这一点已经带来了关注焦点的进一步变化。(2)早期的争论现在已经改变了关注焦点,不再关注由空间所界定的地方区域的误置形态(misplaced concreteness),转而关注在社会学上具有更重要意义的、由政治所界定的国家。(3)然而,对国家的这种关注——强调国家通过提供集体消费手段的方式成为“对日常生活进行操控”(4)的源泉——相对短暂。(5)英国和美国摒弃公共开支的过程,或者用更加时髦的术语来说,集体消费的再商品化,重新强调了市场机制以及个人工资——而不是社会工资——的重要性。同时,跨国公司的增多鼓励了一种新国际分工的发展,因此资本和劳动在地方上更可能是一种合作而不是冲突的关系。(6)倘若环境不再完全合心惬意,工厂可能离开国家的威胁能够产生一种明显的去激进化影响。
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