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多人挣钱的家庭与其他家庭之间两极分化的过程是由许多不同因素的相互影响造成的：女性活动率的增长通常归因于家庭试图维持或逐渐提高生活标准的经济需要。或许没有得到很好解释的是：家庭成员卷入雇佣劳动过程中的这些变动以何种方式影响了家庭内部以及家庭之间的所有工作形式的总量和分配。这是一件非常复杂的事情。例如，一些公共资源变成私人资源，这一方面导致了更多的住宅所有权；而另一方面则导致了对于老年人的更多社会责任（也就是女性担负的责任）。(29)在生活周期的某些阶段，已婚家庭更会过日子，这不仅是因为夫妻双方都能挣钱，而且是因为通过任务和技能的性别分工，可以提高保持高水平自我供给的能力。因此，高收入潜能、家庭周期中的合适位置以及性别之间的平衡，这三者结合在一起在所有工作领域形成了高产出的最佳组合。(30)这些两极分化的新模式对阶级体系和基于性别的阶层划分产生了直接影响。然而，正如我在这一章所强调的，这些分层秩序在具体的地方环境中清楚显示出来。地方政治经济学、地点特质以及更为广泛的国内和国际经济政治力量，这些因素相结合产生出了一个关于模式和制约因素的独特机会结构（opportunity structure）。因此，家庭工作策略反映了具体环境影响下的物质条件与文化价值之间的辩证关系。
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社会关系与空间结构 致谢
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我要感谢为这项研究提供资助的英国社会科学研究委员会，资助编号是G00230035。
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克莱尔·华莱士（Claire Wallace）对这篇论文主要论点的形成作出了许多贡献。这篇文章的一份联合署名初稿曾经于1982年8月在墨西哥召开的世界社会学大会上宣读。此后，这篇文章被拆开了，克莱尔·华莱士在其他地方单独发表了一篇新的关于自建房屋作为一种特殊家庭工作策略的学术论文。我也要感谢简·帕尔（Jan Pahl）、克里斯·皮克文斯（Chris Pickvance）和纳内克·瑞德克利夫（Nanneke Redclift），他们阅读了这篇文章的初稿。这些非正式工作已经得到了最好的非正式回报。但是我必须正式声明，文中的不足之处皆由我本人负责。
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(1) Cox, K., ed., Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies, London, 1978; Dear, M. and Scott, A. J., eds., Urbanisation and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society, London, 1981; Harvey (1981); Massey, D., “Regionalism: Some Current Issues,” Capital and class, 1978, Vol. 6, pp. 33－39; Massey, D., “In What Sense a Regional Problem?” Regional Studies, 1979, Vol. 13, pp. 233－243; Massey, D., “Industrial Restructuring as Class Restructuring: Some Implications of Industrial Change for Social Structure,” Department of Geography, London School of Economics, 1982; Massey, D. and Meegan, R., The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline, London, 1982; Mingione, E., Social Conflict and the City, Oxford, 1981; Urry, J., “Localities, Regions and Social Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 455－474.
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(2) Szelenyi, I., “Structural Change and Alternatives to Capitalist Development in the Contemporary Urban and Regional System,” International Journal of Ur-ban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 1－14.
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(3) Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977; Harloe, M., ed., Captive Cities, Chichester, 1977; Harloe, M., ed., New Perspectives in Urban Change and Conflict, London, 1981; Harvey, D., Social Justice and the City, London, 1973; Lojkine, J., Le Marxisme, L’Etat et la Question Urbaine, Paris, 1977; Pickvance, C., ed., Urban Sociology: Critical Essays, London, 1976; Saunders, P., Urban Politics, Harmondsworth, 1976; Saunders, P., Social Theory and the Urban Question, London,1981.
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(4) Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977.
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(5) Lebas, E., “The New School of Urban and Regional Research: Into the Second Decade” in Harloe, M. and Lebas, E., eds., City, Class and Capital, London, 1981, pp. ix－xxxii; Lebas, E., “Urban and Regional Sociology in Advanced Industrial Societies: A Decade of Marxist and Critical Perspectives,” Current Sociology, 1982, Vol. 30 (1), pp. 1－107.
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(6) Fröbel, F., Heinrichs, J. and Kreye, O., The New International Division of Labour, Cambridge, 1980；亦参见Elson, D. and Pearson, R., “Nimble Fingers make Cheap Work: an Analysis of Women’s Employment in Third World Export Manufacturing,” Feminist Review, 1981, Vol. 7, pp. 87－107.
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(7) Szelenyi, I., “Structural Change and Alternatives to Capitalist Development in the Contemporary Urban and Regional System,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 1－14.
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(8) Massey, D., “Regionalism: Some Current Issues,” Capital and class, 1978, Vol. 6, pp. 33－39; Massey, D., “In What Sense a Regional Problem?” Regional Studies, 1979, Vol. 13, pp. 233－243; Massey, D., “Industrial Restructuring as Class Restructuring: Some Implications of Industrial Change for Social Structure,” Department of Geography, London School of Economics, 1982; Massey, D. and Meegan, R., “Capital and Locational Change: The UK Electrical Engineering and Electronics Industry,” Review of Radical Political Economics, 1979, Vol. 10, pp. 39－51.
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(9) Massey, D., “Industrial Restructuring as Class Restructuring: Some Implications of Industrial Change for Social Structure,” Department of Geography, London School of Economics, 1982.
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(10) Urry, J., “Localities, Regions and Social Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 455－474; Rees, G. and Lambert, J., “Nationalism as Legitimation? Notes Towards a Political Economy of Regional Development in South Wales” in Harloe, M., ed., New Perspectives in Urban Chang and Conflict, London, 1981; Cooke, P., “Class Interests, Regional Restructuring and State Formation in Wales,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 187－204.
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(11) Blackburn, R. and Mann, M., The Working Class and the Labour Market, Cambridge, 1979.
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(12) Molyneux, M., “Beyond the Housework Debate,” New Left Review, 1979, Vol. 116, pp. 3－28; Sokoloff, M. J., Between Money and Love: The Dialectics of Women’s Home and Market Work, New York, 1980.
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(13) Gershuny, J. I. and Thomas, G. S., “Changing Patterns of Time-use Data Preparation and Some Preliminary Results, UK 1961－1974/5,” University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit, Occasional Paper, 1980, NO. 13; Ger-shuny, J. I., “Social Innovation: Change in the Mode of Provision of Serv-ices,” University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit, 1982; Gershuny, J. I., Social Innovation and the Division of Labour, Oxford, 1983; Meissner, M., “No Exit for Wives: Sexual Division of Labour and the Cumu-lation of Household Demands,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 1975, Vol. 12, pp. 424－439.
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(14) Beechey, V., “Some Notes on Female Wage Labour in Capitalist Production,” Capital and Class, 1977, Vol. 3, pp. 45－66; Beechey, V., “Women and Production: a Critical Analysis of Some Sociological Theories of Women’s Work” in Kuhn, A. and Wolpe, A., eds., Feminism and Materialism, London, 1978; Kenrick, J., “Politics and the Construction of Women as Second-class Workers” in Wilkinson, F., ed., The Dynamics of Labour Market Segmentation, London, 1981, pp. 167－192.
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(15) Granovetter, M. S., “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology, 1973, Vol. 78, pp. 1360－1380.
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(16) Gershuny, J. I., “The Informal Economy: Its Role in Post-industrial Society,” Futures, 1979, Vol. II, pp. 3－15; Henry, S, ed., Can I Have It in Cash?, London, 1981.
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(17) Bagnasco, A., Tre Italia, Bologna, 1977; Bagnasco, A., “‘La Questione dell’ economia informale,” Stato e Mercato, 1981, Vol. 1, pp. 173－196.
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(18) Alden, J., “The Extent and Nature of Double Job-holding in Great Britain,” Industrial Relations Journal, 1977, Vol. 8, pp. 14－3; Henry, S, ed., Can I Have It in Cash?, London, 1981; Gershuny, J. I. and Thomas, G. S., “Changing Patterns of Time-use Data Preparation and Some Preliminary Results, UK 1961－1974/5,” University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit, Occasional Paper, 1980, NO. 13; Gershuny, J. I. and Thomas, G. S., “Changing Times: Activity Patterns in the UK 1937－1974/5,” 1983; Sekscenski, E. S., “Women’s Share of Moonlighting Nearly Doubles 1969－1979,” Monthly Labour Review, 1980, Vol. 103 (5), pp. 57－58; Stafford, F. P., “Women’s Use of Time Converging with Men’s,” Monthly Labour Review, 1980, Vol. 104 (2), pp. 57－59; Thomas, G. and Shannon, C. Z., “Technology and Household Labour: Are the Times Changing?” mimeo, 1982.
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(19) Gershuny, J. I., A fter Industrial Society? The Emerging Self-service Economy, London, 1978; Gershuny, J. I., “Social Innovation: Change in the Mode of Provision of Services,” University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit, 1982.
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