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(11) 参见Duncan, J., “The Superorganic in American Cultural Geography,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, Vol. 70, pp. 181－198。
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(12) Hägerstrand, T., InnovationsförloppeturKorologiskSynpunkt, Lund, 1953；英译本Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967；也请注意Hägerstrand的“The Propagation of Innovation Waves”（载Lund Studies in Geography: Series B: Human Geography, 1952, no. 4）一文中的初稿。Hägerstrand对英译本标题的评论出现在他于1984年2月写给Gregory的一封信中。关于Hägerstrand的思想在英美地理学中的传播，参见Duncan, S., “The Isolation of Scientific Discovery: Indifference and Resistance to a New Idea,” Science Studies, 1974, Vol. 4, pp. 109－134。
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(13) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, p. 5；地图序列在58—62页。这些旨在改善放牧的政府津贴于1928年2月开始发放，此前还出台了一系列“不成熟”和不成功的措施。能够获得这些津贴的农场主所持有的未开垦土地不得超过10公顷，无论他们是自用业主（owner-occupiers）还是佃农（tenant-farmers），并且这项计划由中央农村经济协会（Rural Economy Association）实施（pp. 46－49）。Hägerstrand认为，“放牧改善津贴可能最接近于理想的指示仪——它的扩散是在恒常条件下发生的”（p. 70）。
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(14) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 163－164；地图在233页，该图以交流地区相互间的通话为基础：pp. 221－222详细给出了T值的推导过程。
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(15) Hägerstrand. T., “Aspects of the Spatial Structure of Social Communication and the Diffusion of Information,” Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association, 1966, Vol. 16, p. 27.
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(16) 关于Hägerstrand模型的补充说明，参见Amedeo, D. and Golledge, R., An Introduction to Scientific Reasoning in Geography, New York, 1975, pp. 227－256; Morrill和Pitts的“Marriage, Migration and the Mean Information Field: a study in uniqueness and generality”（载Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1967, Vol. 57, pp. 401－422）一文探讨了“平均信息场”概念，而Wolpert的“A regional Simulation Model of Information Diffusion”（载Public Opinion Quarterly, 1966, Vol. 30, pp. 597－608）一文——也是通过研究瑞典案例——则进一步详细论述了这个概念。关于Hägerstrand对空间建模的贡献的评论，参见Haggett, P., Cliff, A. D. and Frey, A., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, London, 1977, pp. 232－247。
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(17) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 11, 14 and 135.
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(18) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 132 and 2. 参见Hägerstrand, T., “In Search for the Sources of Concepts” in Buttimer, A., ed., The Practice of Geography, 1983, p. 247, Hägerstrand在这里回忆了Lundberg的主张引起的反响，这个主张认为“科学的目的在一切领域都是相同的，也就是获得关于事件序列的、可证实的普遍化”。Hägerstrand继续说道，地理学家那时很少谈论“事件序列”，“这首新曲听起来悦耳动人”。
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(19) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 133－134；也见Brown, L. A. and Cox, K. R., “Empirical Regularities in the Diffusion of Innovation,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1971, Vol. 61, pp. 551－559.
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(20) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, p. 6. Hägerstrand最初的地图中是否存在空间自相关（spatial autocorrelation），与这里的这个理论而非实质性主张无关；关于这些地图的复杂统计分析，参见Cliff, A. D., “The Neighbourhood Effect in the Diffusion of Innovations,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 44, 1968, pp. 75－84; Haining, R., “Spatial and Spatial－temporal Interaction Models and the Analysis of Patterns of Diffusion,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1983, Vol. 8, pp. 15－60。
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(21) 这就是Hägerstrand的蒙特卡罗模拟的基础：参见Hägerstrand, T., “A Monte Carlo Approach to Diffusion,” Archives Européenes de Sociologie, 1965, Vol. 6, pp. 43－67; Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967。
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(22) Lévi－Strauss, C., The Elementary Structures of Kinship, 1969, p. 21.
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(23) Carlstein, T., “Innovation, Time-allocation and Space-time Packing” in Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time (3 vols), London, 1978, Vol. 1, p. 146.
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(24) Cliff, A. D., Haggett, P. and Versey, G. R., Spatial Diffusion: anHistorical Geography of Epidemics in an Island Community, Cambridge, 1981, p. 35.
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(25) Bourdon, R., The Logic of Social Action: an Introduction to Sociological Analysis, London, 1981, pp. 86－90: Boudon将对Hägerstrand模型的这种探讨作为分析“再生产过程”的一个范例。
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(26) 参见Sack, R. D., “Geography, Geometry and Explanation,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1972, Vol. 62, pp. 61－78。
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(27) Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary” in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, p. 3.
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(28) Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981.
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(29) 他在一篇自传式文章中将这一地区描述为“我的蒙塔尤（Montaillou）”: Hägerstrand, T., “Diorama, Path and Project,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1982, Vol. 73, p. 331；也见Hägerstrand, T., “In Search for the Sources of Concepts” in Buttimer, A., ed., The Practice of Geography, 1983。
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(30) Hägerstrand, T., “In Search for the Sources of Concepts” in Buttimer, A., ed., The Practice of Geography, 1983, p. 245.
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(31) Hägerstrand于1984年2月写给Gregory的信。
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(32) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 8 and 166－167.
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(33) Hägerstrand, T., “Migration and Area” in Hannerberg, D., Hägerstrand, T. and Odeving, B., eds., “Migration in Sweden: a Symposium,” Lund Studies in Geography: Series B: Human Geography, 1957, no. 13; Hägerstrand, T., “On the Definition of Migration,” Scandinavian Population Studies, 1969, Vol. 1, pp. 63－72.
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(34) Hägerstrand, T., “What about People in Regional Science?” Papers and Proceeding of the Regional Science Association, 1970, Vol. 24, pp. 10, 11 and 21; Hägerstrand, T., “The Domain of Human Geography” in Chorley, R. J., ed., Directions in Geography, London, 1973, pp. 70 and 80; Hägerstrand, T., “Survival and Arena: On the Life-history of Individuals in Relation to Their Geographical Environment” in Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time (3 vols), London, 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 129 and 144.
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(35) Hägerstrand, T., “What about People in Regional Science?” Papers and Proceeding of the Regional Science Association, 1970, Vol. 24, p. 19; Jensen-Butler, C., “Acritique of Behabioural Geography: An Epistemological Analysis of Cognitive Mapping and of Hägerstrand’s Time-space Model,” Geografiska Institute, Aarhus Universitet, 1981, Arbejdsrapport 12, p. 47.
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