1702362040

1702362041 尾声（总体概要）

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1702362043 SOCIAL

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1702362045 sSpOaCtIiAaLl

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1702362047 SsPoAcTiIaAlL

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1702362049 SPATIAL

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1702362051 (1)  关于“新人文主义”地理学家的地点处理和地点意识有一些批判性评论，参见Cosgrove, D., “Place, Landscape and the Dialectics of Cultural Geography,” Canadian Geographer, 1978, Vol. 22, pp. 66－72.; Hudson, R., “Space, Place and Placelessness: Some Questions Concerning Methodology,” Progress　in Human　Geography, Vol. 3, 1979, pp. 169－173; Sayer,A., “Epistemology and Conceptions of People and Nature in Geography,” Geoforum, 1979, Vol. 10, pp. 19－44; Ley, D., “Cultural / humanistic Geography,” Progress　in Human　Geography, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 249－257; Pred, A., “Structuration and Place: On the Becoming of Sense of Place and Structure of Feeling,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 45－68。

1702362052

1702362053 (2) 关于其他对地点、地区和作为社会产物的空间组织的评论, 参见Soja, E., “The Socio-spatial Dialectic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, Vol. 70, pp. 207－225; Urry, J., “Localities, Regions and Social Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 455－474; Gregory, D., “Human Agency and Human Geography,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1981, Vol. 6, pp. 1－18; Gregory, D., Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woollen Industry, LondonandMinneapolis, 1982。

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1702362055 (3) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, pp. 106－107; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 39 and 45.

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1702362057 (4) Pred, A., “Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-geography of Becoming Places,” Annals　of　the　Association　of　American　Geographers, 1984, Vol. 74, pp. 279－297；也见Pred, A., ed., Space　and　Time　in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hägerstrand, Lund Studies in Geography, 1981, Series B, No. 48; Pred, A., “Social　Reproduction　and　the　Time-geography　of　Everyday　Life,” Geografiska Annaler B, 1981, Vol. 63, pp. 5－22; Pred, A., “Structuration　and　Place: On the Becoming of Sense of Place and Structure of Feeling,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 45－68。

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1702362059 (5) 可能与结构化理论有关联的著作者非常多。对我的理论表述发生影响的一组著作如下: Berger, P. L.and Luckmann, T., The Social Construction of Reality: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Garden City, 1967; Giddens, A., New Rules of Sociological Method, London, 1976; Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981; Kosik, K., Dialectics of the Concrete, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1976, no. 52; Bhaskar, R., A Realist Theory of Social Science, BrightonandAtlanticHighlands, 1978；Bhaskar, R., The Possibility of Naturalism: a Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Brighton, 1979; Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, 1977; Touraine, A., The Self-production of society, Chicago, 1977; Williams, R., Marxism and Literature, Oxford, 1977; Shotter, J., “‘Duality of Structure’ and ‘Intentionality’ in an Ecological Psychology: Towards a Science of Individuality,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 19－43。也请注意Gregory的Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woollen Industry（London and Minneapolis, 1982）一书中的简明介绍。

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1702362061 (6) 更为详细地探讨了时间地理学语言的著述有: Hägerstrand, T., “What about People in Regional Science?” Papers and Proceeding of the Regional Science Association, 1970, Vol. 24, pp. 7－21; Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary”in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, Vol. 7, pp. 17－34; Pred, A., “Urbanisation, Domestic Planning Problems and Swedish Geographic Research, “Progress in Geography, 1973, Vol. 5, pp. 1－36; Pred, A., “The　Impact　of　Techonological　and　Institutional　Innovations　on　Life　Content: Some Time-Geographic Observations, “Economic Geography, 1978, Vol. 53, pp. 207－221; Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., Times, Spaces and Places: A Chronogeographic Perspective, New York, 1980; Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Preindustrial Societies, London, 1982; Gregory, 本书。

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1702362063 (7) 尽管维达尔学派的传统具有优点，但是这一传统作为用过程术语（processual terms）建构地点概念和地区概念的基础并非没有局限性：参见Gregory, D., “Human Agency and Human Geography,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1981, Vol. 6, pp. 1－18; Pred, A., “Place　as　Historically　Contingent　Process: Structuration and the Time-geography of Becoming Places,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1984, Vol. 74, pp. 279－297。

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1702362065 (8)  尽管社会理论家和哲学家常常以根本不同的方式将难以捉摸的权力概念定义并解释为一种社会关系，但是这里所规定的属性通常显然存在于或暗含于权力关系之中。

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1702362067 (9)  请注意Giddens的A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State(London and Berkeley, 1981)一书中关于“时空距离化”的论述以及与之相联系的、关于社会整合和系统整合的论述。

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1702362069 (10)  一旦一个人承诺在既定时间和地点参与任何计划，那么他就不能够：（1）同时在别处做别的事情；（2）参加任何其他与上述计划空间上分离、开始时间不同但运作时间部分重叠的计划；或者（3）参加另一个与上述计划没有时间冲突但因行程时间要求而鞭长莫及的计划。

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1702362071 (11) 请注意Thrift的“On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time”（载Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 23－37）一文和本书中关于无知的评述。

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1702362073 (12) 参见Hägerstrand, H., “On the Survival of the Cultural Heritage,” Ethnologica　Scandinavica, Vol. 2, pp. 7－12, 1977; Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Pre-industrial Societies, London, 1982。

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1702362075 (13) 参见Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary”　in Buttimer, A., Values inGeography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, Vol. 7, pp. 17－34。

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1702362077 (14) Gregory, D., “Solid　Geometry: Notes on the Recovery of Spatial Structure” in Gould, P. and Olsson, G., eds., A Search for Common Ground, London, 1982, pp. 188－189.

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1702362079 (15) VonLinné, C., Skånska På Höga Överhetens Befalling Föröttad ar 1749, Stockholm, 1959 [1751], pp. 174, 177, 197, 238.

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1702362081 (16) Dahl, S., Toran och bara-Studier i Skanes Bebyggelse-och Naringsgeografi Före 1860 (Meddelanden från Lunds Universitets Geografiska Institution, Avhandlingar 4), 1942, pp. 13-16和正对着第16页的地图; Hanssen, B., Österlen-Allmoge, köpstafolk & Kultursammanhang vid Slutet av 1700-Ta-let i sydöstra Skåne, Ystad, 1952, pp. 51－57。虽然Dahl关于村落密度的数据是以17世纪中期的资料为基础, 但在18世纪中期前, 聚落数量几乎没有变化。

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1702362083 (17) 关于圈地前思科讷省肥沃平原上村落的社会构成有一个更为完整且有细微差别的解释, 参见Hanssen, B., Österlen-Allmoge, köpstafolk & Kultursam manhang vid Slutet av 1700-Talet i sydöstra Skåne, Ystad, 1952, pp. 48－61; Hanssen, B., “Hushallens Sammansåttningi Österlenska Byar under 300 ar-En Studie i Historisk Struktrralism,” RIG, 1976, Vol. 59, pp. 33－61。关于与此相联系的对瑞典村落的总体考察，参见Hoppe, G., “Enclosure in　Sweden: Background and Consequences,” Kulturgeografiskt Seminarium (Department of Human Geography, University of Stockholm), 1981, no. 9 / 79; Hellspong, M. and Löfgren, O., Land och stad, Lund, 1974, pp. 74－84。

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1702362085 (18) 参见Hanssen, B., Österlen-Allmoge, köpstafolk & Kultursammanhang vid Slutet av 1700-Talet i sydöstraSkåne, Ystad, 1952, pp. 63－83。

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1702362087 (19) åmark, K., Spannmålshandel och Spammmålspolitik i Sverige 1719－1830, Stockholm, 1915, pp. 18－21, 44, 53－56; Fridlizius, G., Swedish Corn Export in the Free Trade Era: Patterns in the Oats Trade 150－1880, Lund, 1957, pp. 39ff。直到19世纪50年代谷物法（Corn Laws）废除以后, 从瑞典到英国的粮食运输才开始繁荣起来。

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1702362089 (20)  Utterström, G., Jordbrukets Arbetare: Levnadsvillkor och Arbetsliv påLandsbygden från Frihetstiden till Miten av 1800-talet (2 vols), Stockholm, 1957；Söderberg, J., Agrar Fattigdom i Sydsverige under 1800-talet, Stockholm, 1978; Winberg, C., “Population　Growth　and　Proletarianization: TheTransformation of Social Structures in Rural Sweden During the Agrarian Revolution” in Åkerman, Johansen and Gaunt (eds), London, 1978; Löfgren, O., “Family and Household among Scandinavian Peasants: An Exploratory Essay,” Ethnologica Scandinavica, 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 17－22; Löfgren, O., “Historical　Perspectives　on　Scandinavian　Peasantries,” Annual　Review　of　Anthropology, 1980, Vol. 9, pp. 187－215。在思科讷省低地区（lowland）, 最迟至1800年, 住在雇主家的帮工和无地家庭的人口数已经超过自耕农和佃农的人口数，而前者构成了农业阶级的下层。

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