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26. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers .
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27. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers . 另见De Benedictis, “‘Feral’ Parents.”。
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28. “Interview: Rebecca Asher, producer and writer,” April 3, 2011, http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/interview-rebecca-asher-producer-and-writer-1-1572297; 另见Rebecca Asher, Shattered: Modern Motherhood and the Illusion of Equality (New York: Vintage, 2011), 90。
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29. 2013年，杰奎琳·斯科特（Jacqueline Scott）和伊丽莎白·克利里（Elizabeth Clery）为英国国家社会研究中心（NatCen）所做的英国社会态度调查显示，认为主妇和职工一样获得自我实现的人数比例变化不大（从1989年的41%增长到2012年的45%）。由此推测，关于妇女对现实中承担照护角色的看法和经历，公众认知的改变更加有限。Scott and Clery, “Gender Roles: An Incomplete Revolution?” NatCen Social Research, 2013, http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/38457/bsa30_gender_roles_final.pdf. 2014年，舆观调查网（YouGov）为庆祝国际妇女节而做的一项国际综合调查发现，全世界妇女中绝大多数都把生儿育女排在事业追求前面，虽然也有不少人，尤其是年轻妇女，希望两者兼得。英国妇女中约五分之四认为生儿育女比事业追求更重要，而美国妇女则有71%赞同“母职优先”的观点。William Jordan, “Most Women Put Motherhood Ahead of Career,” YouGov.UK, March 7, 2014, https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/03/07/mult-country-survey-most-women-put-motherhood-ahea/.
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30. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers , 4, 5.
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31. Douglas and Michaels, The Mommy Myth , 4; 关于当代新的媒体再现的讨论，参见Rebecca Feasey, From Happy Homemaker to Desperate Housewives: Motherhood and Popular Television (London: Anthem, 2012); Hundley and Hayden, Mediated Moms ; Emily Nussbaum, “Shedding Her Skin: The Good Wife’s Thrilling Transformation,” New Yorker , October 13, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/13/shedding-skin; Kathleen Rowe Karlyn, “Feminist Dialectics and Unrepentant Mothers: What I Didn’t Say, and Why,” keynote lecture at the University of Warwick, UK, Television for Women Conference, 2013; Shani Orgad, “The Cruel Optimism of The Good Wife : The Fantastic Working Mother on the Fantastical Treadmill,” Television and New Media 18, no. 2 (2017): 165–183; Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice.”。
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32. 这几部电视剧在Douglas and Michaels, The Mommy Myth , 215中有讨论。
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33. Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 38.
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34. 艾丽西亚·弗洛里克成熟、自信，“大方地展示自我，有着清爽的职业范儿”（Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 47）。我在另一篇文章里（Orgad, “The Cruel Optimism”）谈到，剧中经常出现她在家或办公室工作而孩子们在吃晚饭，或者她接电话谈公务时没能顾得上孩子需求的镜头，哪怕孩子们直接凑到了她跟前。工作严苛以及与老板的婚外情占据她的心神，致使她错过了孩子们的成长，包括一些严重的问题，比如儿子女友流产，她直到几个月后才发现。但与此同时，该剧又把艾丽西亚描绘成一个慈爱的母亲，她和孩子们感情深厚，陪他们度过了许多亲密时光。
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35. 贝蒂·德雷珀完全不在乎她的孩子；她对孩子的养育“顶多算马马虎虎，常常直接对孩子寻求关心的举动视而不见”（Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 41）。但这并不是单纯想展示她当妈妈的失职；相反，可以部分理解为她对于20世纪50年代不得不顺应的压迫性“女性奥秘”的反抗。（Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 42）。
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36. 《丽塔老师》讲述了一位当副校长的单亲妈妈的故事。她完全背离了“高强度母职”的准则，甚至对此毫不在意。她心直口快，生活乱糟糟，见色忘义，常常不顾他人感受，以至于忽视了自己的孩子；但她被塑造成一个不守规矩和矛盾的人，而不是一个“坏妈妈”。关于其他媒介再现的类似讨论，参见Sharon R. Mazzarella, “It Is What It Is: Here Comes Honey Boo Boo’s ‘Mama’ June Shannon as Unruly Mother,” in Mediated Moms , ed. Hundley and Hayden, 123–142。
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37. Walters and Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 39; 另见Hundley and Hayden, Mediated Moms ; Karlyn, “Feminist Dialectics.”。
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38. FiatUK, “‘The Motherhood’Feat.Fiat 500L,” YouTube, December 13, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNVde5HPhYo; Dove US, “Baby Dove | #RealMoms,” YouTube, April 5, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dE9AnU3MaI.
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39. Palmer-Mehta and Shuler, “‘Devil Mammas.’”在另一项对与酒精摄入相关的妈咪博客和妈咪书籍的研究中，塔莎·杜布里尼（Tasha Dubriwny）发现，这些博文有一个重要特点，那就是发泄对照顾孩子的不满。“妈妈们揭露照料孩子的失落感这点，”杜布里尼写道，“至少驳倒了一条母职机制赖以运作的基本原则，那就是，女人天生就适合做养儿养女的琐事，而且乐在其中。”Tasha Dubriwny, “Mommy Blogs and a Disruptive Possibilities of Transgressive Drinking,” in Mediated Moms , ed. Hundley and Hayden, 214. 另见Leslie Husbands, “Blogging the Maternal: Self-Representations of the Pregnant and Postpartum Body,” Atlantis , 32, no. 2 (2008): 68–79; Julie A. Wilson and Emily Chivers Yochim, Mothering through Precarity: Women’s Work and Digital Media (Durham, NC/London: Duke University Press, 2017); Sarah Pedersen, “The Good, the Bad and the ‘Good Enough’ Mother on the UK Parenting Forum Mumsnet,” Women’s Studies International Forum , 59 (2016): 32–38.
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40. 另见Lisa Baraitser, Maternal Encounters: The Ethics of Interruption , Women and Psychology series (New York: Routledge, 2008).
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41. Kuperberg and Stone, Media Depiction , 512.
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42. Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family and Personal Life (London: Pluto, 1976).
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43. Rosemary Crompton, “Employment, Flexible Working, and the Family,” British Journal of Sociology 53, no. 4 (2002): 537–558. 关于克朗普顿作品的讨论，另见Angela McRobbie, The Aftermath of Feminism , 79。
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44. Nancy Fraser, “Contradictions of Capital and Care,” New Left Review 100 (2016): 102.
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45. Helier Cheung, “Why Did People Assume an Asian Woman in BBC Viral Video Was the Nanny?” BBC, March 11, 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39244325.
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46. “BBC Interview with Robert Kelly Interrupted by Children Live on Air,” BBC, March 10, 2107, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-39232538/bbc-interview-with-robert-kelly-interrupted-by-children-live-on-air. 对原视频的一则恶搞作品设想了如果受访专家是那位妻子，事态又会如何发展。它认为，妻子不会无视或力图轰走孩子，而是会一边继续采访，一边喂孩子、打扫卫生间、做饭和拆卸炸弹！对她来说，工作和家庭领域是合二为一的。
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47. John Gray, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (London: Harper Collins, 1992).
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48. Rachel O’Neill, “Feminist Encounters with Evolutionary Psychology,” Australian Feminist Studies 30, no. 86 (2015): 345–350; Anne Perkins, “It’s Official—Women Are Nicer than Men. Is This Really Science?” Guardian , October 10, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/10/official-women-nicer-men-really-science.
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49. 朱莉A. 威尔逊（Julie A. Wilson）和埃米莉·奇弗斯·约奇姆（Emily Chivers Yochim）对美国全职妈妈的研究发现了类似的现象：当“男人‘放松休闲’时，女人仍觉得必须干活，为家庭操劳。”Wilson and Yochim, Mothering through Precarity , 23–24.
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50. 关于性别差异论对后女性主义话语的影响，参见Rosalind Gill, “Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 10, no. 2 (2007): 147–166。
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