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“What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?”Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk (blog), August 29, 2013. http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html.
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Wikipedia. S.v. “Corporate Social Responsibility.”Accessed June 20, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility.
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Wikipedia. S.v. “Pareto Principle.”Accessed June 15, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle.
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Williams, Joan C., Susan J. Lambert, Saravanan Kesavan; Peter J. Fugiel, Lori Ann Ospina, Erin Devorah Rapoport, Meghan Jarpe, Dylan Bellisle, Pradeep Pendem, Lisa McCorkell, and Sarah Adler-Milstein. “Stable Scheduling Increases Productivity and Sales: The Stable Scheduling Study.”University of California Hastings College of the Law, University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration, University of California Kenan-Flagler Business School, 2018. https://www.ssa.uchicago.edu/stable-scheduling-study-reveals-benefits-and-feasibility-retail-families-businesses.
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Wissner-Gross, Alexander. “2016: What Do You Consider the Most Interesting Recent [Scientific] News? What Makes It Important?”Edge. Accessed October 21, 2018. https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26587.
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Wood, Alex. “Why the Digital Gig Economy Needs Co-Ops and Unions.”openDemocracy, September 15, 2016. https://www.opendemocrac.net/alex-wood/why-digital-gig-economy-needs-co-ops-and-unions.
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World Economic Forum. Special Program of the Broadband Commission and the World Economic Forum, Meeting Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2018.
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1702426985
Yin, Ming, Mary L. Gray, Siddharth Suri, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. “The Communication Network Within the Crowd.”In WWW ’16: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 1293–1303. Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883036.
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Yin, Ming, Siddharth Suri, and Mary L. Gray. “Running Out of Time: The Impact and Value of Flexibility in On-Demand Crowdwork.”In CHI’18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–11. New York: ACM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174004.
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Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
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Zyskowski, Kathryn, Meredith Ringel Morris, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Mary L. Gray, and Shaun K. Kane. “Accessible Crowdwork?: Understanding the Value in and Challenge of Microtask Employment for People with Disabilities,”1682–93. New York: ACM, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675158.
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销声匿迹：数字化工作的真正未来 方法附录
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读者将在下列研究出版物中找到本书中定量论证的方法与数据的说明，这些在尾注中也有所引用：
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· Chen, Wei-Chu, Mary L. Gray, and Siddharth Suri.“More than Money: Correlation Among Worker Demographics, Motivations, and Participation in Online Labor Markets.”Under review, ICWSM ’19: 13th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Munich, Germany, June 2019.
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· Gray, Mary L., Siddharth Suri, Syed Shoaib Ali, and Deepti Kulkarni.“The Crowd Is a Collaborative Network.”In CSCW ’16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 134–47. New York: ACM, 2016.
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· Kingsley, Sara Constance, Mary L. Gray, and Siddharth Suri.“Accounting for Market Frictions and Power Asymmetries in Online Labor Markets.”Policy & Internet 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.111.
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· Yin, Ming, Mary L. Gray, Siddharth Suri, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan.“The Communication Network Within the Crowd.”In WWW’16: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 1293–1303. Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883036.
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· Yin, Ming, Siddharth Suri, and Mary L. Gray.“Running Out of Time: The Impact and Value of Flexibility in On-Demand Crowdwork.”In CHI ’18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–11. New York: ACM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174004.
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这些论文侧重于调查、实验和定量分析。下面，我们将向读者详细介绍我们是如何收集民族志和访谈材料，从而描述本书中幽灵工作的生活体验。
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民族志田野调查和访谈
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本书利用了玛丽·L.格雷领导的在美国和印度开展的民族志田野调查。2013年1月，微软研究院的道德咨询委员会（Ethics Advisory Board）审核了项目提案，并批准了这项研究。除了参与式观察，我们的团队还进行了189次正式的深入访谈（印度115次，美国74次）以及数百小时非正式的后续访谈与观察，这些访谈和观察在工人的家庭办公室或其他地点进行，工人通常在这里工作或与工作伙伴聚会。民族志观察使我们了解了人们关于按需工作的体验、他们如何理解这份工作，以及这项工作与日常生活的关系。
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在印度的定性研究团队包括Shoaib Syed Ali、玛丽·L.格雷和Deepti Kulkarni，他们于2013年2月10日至2015年3月12日期间进行了所有在印度的实地访谈和观察。2017年，玛丽对主要的印度受访者进行了后续访谈。
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