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5．2014年，“班加罗尔”（Bangalore）这座城市正式改名为“Bengaluru”，但包括卡拉在内的当地居民仍普遍称之为“Bangalore”。
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6．Daniel W. Barowy et al., “AutoMan: A Platform for Integrating Human-Based and Digital Computation,”Communications of the ACM 59, no. 6 (June 2016): 102–109, https://doi.org/10.1145/2927928;Siddharth Suri, “Technical Perspective: Computing with the Crowd,”Communications of the ACM 59, no. 6 (June 2016): 101, https://doi.org/10.1145/2927926.
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7．Suri, “Computing with the Crowd,”101.
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8．艾莎是真实存在的人物，我们在班加罗尔采访过她，但她当时并没有为CrowdFlower工作。她试过注册CrowdFlower，但在哥哥的帮助下，她创建了自己的MTurk账户。之后她花时间在MTurk上积累声誉。在这个假设的例子中，我们想象艾莎继续在CrowdFlower工作，会是什么样子。我们希望这能使人明白，由于工人在不断发生变动，观察和追踪幽灵工作背后的工人存在障碍，所以理解这种工作是很困难的。
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9．Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014); Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution (New York: Penguin, 2017); Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy(Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier, 2012).
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10．Tarleton Gillespie, Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), 18–19.
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11．参阅Frederick Daso，“Bill Gates and Elon Musk Are Worried for Automation—But This Robotics Company Founder Embraces It，”Forbes，December 18，2017，https://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickdaso/2017/12/18/bill-gates–elon-musk-are-worried-about-automation-butthis-robotics-company-founder-embraces-it/；Jasper Hamill，“Elon Musk’s Fears of AI Destroying Humanity Are‘Speciesist’，Said Google Boss，”Metro（blog），May 2，2018，https://metro.co.uk/2018/05/02/elon-musks-fears-artificial-intelligence-will–destroy-humanity-speciesist-according-google-founder-larry-page-7515207/。
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12．举例来说，参阅“Robots？Is Your Job at Risk？，”CNN，September 15，2017；“When the Robots Take Over，Will There Be Jobs Left for Us？，”CBS News，April 9，2017；“More Robots，Fewer Jobs，”Bloomberg，May 8，2017。
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13．Alex Ross, The Industries of the Future (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016); Stephen A. Herzenberg, John A. Alic, and Howard Wial, New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in Post-Industrial America (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2000); Chris Brenner, Work in the New Economy: Flexible Labor Markets in Silicon Valley, Information Age Series(Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002).
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14．Scott Hartley，The Fuzzy and the Techie：Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Harcourt，2017）．哈特利重点讨论了AlphaGo的案例。AlphaGo和AlphaGo Zero都是DeepMind的智慧结晶。DeepMind是一家总部位于伦敦的研究室，2014年被谷歌收购。
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15．汤姆·迪克里奇，私人谈话，2018年4月13日。著名人工智能研究者迪克里奇这样说：这个版本的AlphaGo能打败柯洁，是因为有人“告诉”它围棋的规则（从这个意义上来说，它可以计算任意棋盘上能够落子的每一步，从而判断会赢还是会输）。研究人员还给了它围棋大师之间对弈的数据库。这个数据库与监督式学习一起使用，用于训练AlphaGo的初始移动选择函数（策略函数）。然后AlphaGo开始第二阶段的“自我对弈”，与自己的一个副本对弈（我认为这是亚瑟·塞缪尔在1959年首次开发的技术），并应用强化学习算法来精进策略函数。最后，他们运行第三阶段的自我对弈来学习一种“价值函数”（价值网络），这个函数可以预测在每个棋盘状态下哪一方将获胜。在对弈过程中，AlphaGo把策略函数与价值函数结合起来，基于正向搜寻（蒙特卡洛树搜索算法）决定落子。
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16．David Silver et al., “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search,”Nature 529, no. 7587 (January 2016): 484–89, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961.
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17．一个更丰富的理论解释了人类的努力与计算过程的混合，参阅H. R. Ekbia and Bonnie A. Nardi，Heteromation，and Other Stories of Computing and Capitalism（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，2017）。
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18．Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, May 2017,”Economic News Release, U.S. Department of Labor, June 7, 2018.
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19．U.S. Government Accountability Office, Contingent Workforce: Size, Characteristics, Earnings, and Benefits, GAO-15-168R (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2015).
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20．Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015”(NBER Working Paper Series, no. 22667, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, September 2016).
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21．Diana Farrell and Fiona Greig, The Online Platform Economy: Has Growth Peaked? (JPMorgan Chase Institute, 2017).
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22．David Weil, The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).
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23．Wei-Chu Chen，Sara Kingsley，Greg Minton和Ming Yin贡献了原始定量数据分析，Syed Shoaib Ali，Deepti Kulkarni，Jason Qualls和Kathryn Zyskowski贡献了本书的定性数据分析。如果没有他们，这项研究就不可能完成。玛丽主导了在美国和印度进行的所有实地调查和工人访谈，完成了调查设计、第二章中的历史分析以及贯穿全书的定性分析。西达尔特主导了本书中所有的线上实验和定量分析，以及第三章中对请求者访谈的定性分析。在整个过程中，Andrea Alarcón，Sarah Hamid，Rebecca Hoffman，Kate Miltner，Christopher Persaud和Steven Schirra也对研究提供了宝贵的科研帮助。
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24．Winter Mason and Siddharth Suri, “Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk,”Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 1(March 2012): 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6.
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第一章 环路中的人类
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1．M. Six Silberman, “Human-Centered Computing and the Future of Work: Lessons from Mechanical Turk and Turkopticon, 2008–2015”(PhD diss., University of California, Irvine, 2015).
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2．Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (New York: Little, Brown, 2013).
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3．Ibid.
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