打字猴:1.70242731e+09
1702427310
1702427311 13.Mary L. Gray et al., “The Crowd Is a Collaborative Network,”in CSCW ’16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (New York: ACM, 2016), 134–47, https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819942.
1702427312
1702427313 14.Ibid.
1702427314
1702427315 15.Ahmed et al., “Peer-to-Peer in the Workplace: A View from the Road,”in CHI: ’16. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM, 2016), 5063–75, https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858393.
1702427316
1702427317 16.Julie Yujie Chen, “Thrown Under the Bus and Outrunning It!The Logic of Didi and Taxi Drivers’ Labour and Activism in the On-Demand Economy,”New Media & Society, September 6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817729149.
1702427318
1702427319 17.Wikipedia, s.v. “Pareto Principle,”accessed June 15, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle.
1702427320
1702427321 18.United Nations Development Programme, Global Dimensions of Human Development, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
1702427322
1702427323 19.Jesse Chandler, Pam Mueller, and Gabriele Paolacci, “Nonnaïveté Among Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers: Consequences and Solutions for Behavioral Researchers,”Behavior Research Methods 46, no. 1 (March 2014): 112–30, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0365-7.
1702427324
1702427325 20.Stewart et al., “The Average Laboratory Samples a Population of 7, 300 Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers,”Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 5 (2015): 13; Karën Fort, Gilles Adda, and K. Bretonnel Cohen, “Amazon Mechanical Turk: Gold Mine or Coal Mine?,”Computational Linguistics 37, no. 2 (2011): 413–20.
1702427326
1702427327 21.Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
1702427328
1702427329 22.Arlie Hochschild and Anne Machung, The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 2012); Gregg, Work’s Intimacy.
1702427330
1702427331 23.Winifred R. Poster, “Hidden Sides of the Credit Economy: Emotions, Outsourcing, and Indian Call Centers,”InternationalJournal of Comparative Sociology 54, no. 3 (June 2013): 205–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715213501823.
1702427332
1702427333 24.Anne-Marie Slaughter, Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family, repr. ed. (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2016).
1702427334
1702427335 25.领英网(LinkedIn)通过一个中介以请求者“奥斯卡·史密斯”的名义发布了名片转录任务。参阅M. Six Silberman and Lilly Irani,“Operating an Employer Reputation System:Lessons from Turkopticon,2008–2015,”Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal,February 8,2016,http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2729498。MTurk工人在论坛和社区博客上把“奥斯卡·史密斯”列为因薪酬微薄而臭名昭著的人。参阅“What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?,”Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk(blog),August 29,2013,http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html,工人的评论是这样的:“这些以‘奥斯卡·史密斯’为幌子发布转录名片的任务来自一个叫CardMunch的应用程序,该应用属于领英网。是的,他们给工人支付的报酬每小时不到1美元,背后其实是一家价值数百万美元的公司……近一年来,MTurk上非美国的新账户做的任务从没有通过。由于工作质量不高,他们正在淘汰这些外国账户。是的,为领英网(又名奥斯卡·史密斯和乔恩·布雷尔)工作的主要是印度人和MTurk新人,因为美国人只要有一点点自尊和自重,就不会为这些人渣工作。”
1702427336
1702427337 26.虽然在美国的工人可能有更便宜或更方便的电脑和网络,但这并不意味着他们有财力把赚钱放在次要地位。参阅Chen,Gray,and Suri,“More than Money”。
1702427338
1702427339 27.Ibid.
1702427340
1702427341 28.Ibid.
1702427342
1702427343 29.Ibid.
1702427344
1702427345 30.Duffy, (Not) Getting Paid.
1702427346
1702427347 31.Chen, Gray, and Suri, “More than Money.”
1702427348
1702427349 32.更多做多种零工的美国人的故事,参阅John Bowe,MarisaBowe,and Sabin Streeter,eds.,Gig:Americans Talk About Their Jobs(New York:Broadway Books,2001)。更多关于影子经济和正规就业,参阅LaShawn Harris,Sex Workers,Psychics,and Numbers Runners:Black Women in New York City’s Underground Economy(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2016)。
1702427350
1702427351 33.Hochschild and Machung, The Second Shift; Gregg, Work’s Intimacy; Kylie Jarrett, Feminism, Labour and Digital Media: The Digital Housewife(New York: Routledge, 2015).
1702427352
1702427353 34.Sareeta Amrute, Encoding Race, Encoding Class: Indian IT Workers in Berlin, reprint (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016).
1702427354
1702427355 35.“印度政府已经颁布《2016年残疾人权利法》(简称‘2016残疾人法’)和《2017年残疾人权利规则》(简称‘残疾人规则’)。“新的‘残疾人规则’承认联合国《残疾人权利公约》。‘残疾人规则’重在保护残疾人不受各种形式的歧视,增加有效参与和融入社会的措施,并确保机会均等和适当的无障碍条件。“在‘2016残疾人法’颁布之前,管理残疾人权利的法律分散于《印度宪法》、《1995年残疾人(机会均等、权利保护、充分参与)法》(简称‘1995残疾人法’)、《1987年精神健康法》、《印度康复理事会》和《1999年国家信托(为自闭症、脑瘫、精神迟钝和多重障碍患者提供福利)法》。虽然这些立法旨在保障残疾人的权利,但没有具体规定机会均等,尤其是与就业相关的机会均等。“‘2016残疾人法’已经取代了‘1995残疾人法’。”参阅http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/。
1702427356
1702427357 36.Shehzad Nadeem, Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing Is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves, reprint (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013); Simon Denyer, Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India’s Unruly Democracy (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014).
1702427358
1702427359 37.Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, State of Broadband 2017: Broadband Catalyzing Sustainable Development (Geneva, Switzerland: Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, 2017); World Economic Forum, Special Program of the Broadband Commission and the World Economic Forum, Meeting Report(Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2018).
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