打字猴:1.702427321e+09
1702427321 18.United Nations Development Programme, Global Dimensions of Human Development, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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1702427323 19.Jesse Chandler, Pam Mueller, and Gabriele Paolacci, “Nonnaïveté Among Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers: Consequences and Solutions for Behavioral Researchers,”Behavior Research Methods 46, no. 1 (March 2014): 112–30, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0365-7.
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1702427325 20.Stewart et al., “The Average Laboratory Samples a Population of 7, 300 Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers,”Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 5 (2015): 13; Karën Fort, Gilles Adda, and K. Bretonnel Cohen, “Amazon Mechanical Turk: Gold Mine or Coal Mine?,”Computational Linguistics 37, no. 2 (2011): 413–20.
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1702427327 21.Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
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1702427329 22.Arlie Hochschild and Anne Machung, The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 2012); Gregg, Work’s Intimacy.
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1702427331 23.Winifred R. Poster, “Hidden Sides of the Credit Economy: Emotions, Outsourcing, and Indian Call Centers,”InternationalJournal of Comparative Sociology 54, no. 3 (June 2013): 205–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715213501823.
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1702427333 24.Anne-Marie Slaughter, Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family, repr. ed. (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2016).
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1702427335 25.领英网(LinkedIn)通过一个中介以请求者“奥斯卡·史密斯”的名义发布了名片转录任务。参阅M. Six Silberman and Lilly Irani,“Operating an Employer Reputation System:Lessons from Turkopticon,2008–2015,”Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal,February 8,2016,http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2729498。MTurk工人在论坛和社区博客上把“奥斯卡·史密斯”列为因薪酬微薄而臭名昭著的人。参阅“What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?,”Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk(blog),August 29,2013,http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html,工人的评论是这样的:“这些以‘奥斯卡·史密斯’为幌子发布转录名片的任务来自一个叫CardMunch的应用程序,该应用属于领英网。是的,他们给工人支付的报酬每小时不到1美元,背后其实是一家价值数百万美元的公司……近一年来,MTurk上非美国的新账户做的任务从没有通过。由于工作质量不高,他们正在淘汰这些外国账户。是的,为领英网(又名奥斯卡·史密斯和乔恩·布雷尔)工作的主要是印度人和MTurk新人,因为美国人只要有一点点自尊和自重,就不会为这些人渣工作。”
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1702427337 26.虽然在美国的工人可能有更便宜或更方便的电脑和网络,但这并不意味着他们有财力把赚钱放在次要地位。参阅Chen,Gray,and Suri,“More than Money”。
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1702427339 27.Ibid.
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1702427341 28.Ibid.
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1702427343 29.Ibid.
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1702427345 30.Duffy, (Not) Getting Paid.
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1702427347 31.Chen, Gray, and Suri, “More than Money.”
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1702427349 32.更多做多种零工的美国人的故事,参阅John Bowe,MarisaBowe,and Sabin Streeter,eds.,Gig:Americans Talk About Their Jobs(New York:Broadway Books,2001)。更多关于影子经济和正规就业,参阅LaShawn Harris,Sex Workers,Psychics,and Numbers Runners:Black Women in New York City’s Underground Economy(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2016)。
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1702427351 33.Hochschild and Machung, The Second Shift; Gregg, Work’s Intimacy; Kylie Jarrett, Feminism, Labour and Digital Media: The Digital Housewife(New York: Routledge, 2015).
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1702427353 34.Sareeta Amrute, Encoding Race, Encoding Class: Indian IT Workers in Berlin, reprint (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016).
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1702427355 35.“印度政府已经颁布《2016年残疾人权利法》(简称‘2016残疾人法’)和《2017年残疾人权利规则》(简称‘残疾人规则’)。“新的‘残疾人规则’承认联合国《残疾人权利公约》。‘残疾人规则’重在保护残疾人不受各种形式的歧视,增加有效参与和融入社会的措施,并确保机会均等和适当的无障碍条件。“在‘2016残疾人法’颁布之前,管理残疾人权利的法律分散于《印度宪法》、《1995年残疾人(机会均等、权利保护、充分参与)法》(简称‘1995残疾人法’)、《1987年精神健康法》、《印度康复理事会》和《1999年国家信托(为自闭症、脑瘫、精神迟钝和多重障碍患者提供福利)法》。虽然这些立法旨在保障残疾人的权利,但没有具体规定机会均等,尤其是与就业相关的机会均等。“‘2016残疾人法’已经取代了‘1995残疾人法’。”参阅http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/。
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1702427357 36.Shehzad Nadeem, Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing Is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves, reprint (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013); Simon Denyer, Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India’s Unruly Democracy (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014).
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1702427359 37.Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, State of Broadband 2017: Broadband Catalyzing Sustainable Development (Geneva, Switzerland: Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, 2017); World Economic Forum, Special Program of the Broadband Commission and the World Economic Forum, Meeting Report(Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2018).
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1702427361 38.Special Program of the Broadband Commission and the World Economic Forum Meeting Report, World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, 2018.
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1702427363 39.劳工经济学家会说,请求者利用临时工寻找愿意接受最低价的工人。更多自由派经济学家认为,工人能够利用他们的市场技能和议价能力争取更高的工资,使灵活性变成一件好事。你必须相信:(1)存在一个纯市场设定工资,对抗请求者的相互勾结,就像硅谷限制工程师工资一样;(2)工资反映了人们贡献的真正市场价值(所以大多数清洁工是合同制而非工资制,他们挣得少,因为他们创造的价值比不上工程师的价值,前者为后者打扫办公室)。参阅Weil,The Fissured Workplace; Baker,Rigged。
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1702427365 销声匿迹:数字化工作的真正未来 [:1702424990]
1702427366 第五章 陌生人的善意与协作的力量
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1702427368 1.社会学家安塞尔姆·施特劳斯(Anselm Strauss)称之为“联结工作”(articulation work),或者说“把所有工作要素始终放在一起的过程”。参阅Anselm Strauss,“The Articulation of Project Work:An Organizational Process,”Sociological Quarterly 29,no. 2(June 1,1988):163–78。
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1702427370 2.苏珊·莉·施塔尔(Susan Leigh Star)预料,计算机的采用,以及关于计算过程将取代协作的认知负荷的假设,使联结工作变得更加重要,因为它管理了工作的分布式本质的结果,而这些结果原本是由技术解决的。参阅Susan Leigh Star and Anselm Strauss,“Layers of Silence,Arenas of Voice:The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work,”Computer Supported Cooperative Work(CSCW) 8,no. 1–2(March 1,1999):9–30。
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