打字猴:1.70242737e+09
1702427370 2.苏珊·莉·施塔尔(Susan Leigh Star)预料,计算机的采用,以及关于计算过程将取代协作的认知负荷的假设,使联结工作变得更加重要,因为它管理了工作的分布式本质的结果,而这些结果原本是由技术解决的。参阅Susan Leigh Star and Anselm Strauss,“Layers of Silence,Arenas of Voice:The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work,”Computer Supported Cooperative Work(CSCW) 8,no. 1–2(March 1,1999):9–30。
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1702427372 3.在施特劳斯的基础上,人类学家露西·萨奇曼(Lucy Suchman)使用优雅的短语“有技巧的集成”,把联结工作描述成“系统开发和使用的某些被隐藏的层面——或者至少处于背景或阴影中,并将其带到阳光下”。参阅Lucy Suchman,“Supporting Articulation Work,”in Computerization and Controversy,ed. by Rob Kling(San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1996),407–23。
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1702427374 4.Gray et al., “The Crowd,”134–47.
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1702427376 5.2018年,谷歌关键词广告(Google AdWords)更名为谷歌广告(Google Ads)。
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1702427378 6.我们要求工人为自己创建一个昵称,以确保匿名性;然后我们要求工人跟与之交流的所有人交换昵称。他们可以使用任何媒介交换昵称。这项任务从2016年8月持续到9月。更多细节,参阅Yin et al.,“The Communication Network”。
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1702427380 7.仅在印度班加罗尔就有超过265 000个业务流程工作。大多数做这些工作的人从没有去过美国或英国,他们的文化知识完全是在学校、在培训中、通过电影、通过与客户日常对话学到的。因此,家庭工坊发展起来,提供私教课程,声称可以提高英语水平、对话技能和西方文化习惯。这些课程的主要目标是消除口音,即根除所谓的“母语影响”(MTI)——把英语作为第二语言后,口音和声调变化的痕迹仍然存在。目标不只是声音听起来像美国人;例如,Orion Edutech等公司也通过播放《老友记》(Friends)或《宋飞正传》(Seinfeld)等美国电视剧,以及让印度人接触美国音乐,来关注西方习俗的文化差异。参阅A. Aneesh,Neutral Accent:How Language,Labor,and Life Become Global(Durham,NC:Duke University Press,2015);J. K. Tina Basi,Women,Identity and India’s Call Centre Industry(London:Routledge,2009);Mahuya Pal and Patrice Buzzanell,“The Indian Call Center Experience:A Case Study in Changing Discourses of Identity,Identification,and Career in a Global Context,”Journal of Business Communication 45,no. 1(January 1,2008):31–60,https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943607309348;Sumita Raghuram,“Identities on Call:Impact of Impression Management on Indian Call Center Agents,”Human Relations 66,no. 11(November 1,2013):1471–96,https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713481069。
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1702427382 8.在对TurkerNation论坛用户的采访中可以看出,一些工人看重线上论坛有两个原因:“如果我没有发现TurkerNation,我肯定赚不到那么多钱。当事情进展缓慢时,我们得到的乐趣是无价的。”
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1702427384 9.Yin et al.“The Communication Network.”
1702427385
1702427386 10.Ibid.
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1702427388 11.Ibid.
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1702427390 12.Ibid.
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1702427392 13.在这里,我们更感兴趣的是他们如何发现这次任务。关于我们如何获取数据的更多细节,参阅Kingsley,Gray,and Suri,“Market Frictions,”383–400,and Gray et al.,“The Crowd,”134–47。
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1702427394 14.参阅Salehi et al.,“We Are Dynamo:Overcoming Stalling and Friction in Collective Action for Crowd Workers,”in CHI ’15:Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(New York:ACM,2015),1621–30,https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702508。
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1702427396 15.We Are Dynamo, “Dear Jeff Bezos,”We Are Dynamo wiki, accessed May 8, 2018, http://www.wearedynamo.org/dearjeffbezos.
1702427397
1702427398 销声匿迹:数字化工作的真正未来 [:1702424991]
1702427399 第六章 双重底线
1702427400
1702427401 1.相比之下,国家救灾工作花了3年时间才将筹集到的国际资金分配到位,而且仅限于帮助那些拥有自己房产的人,这进一步加剧了社会断层。CloudFactory公司的地震救灾资金近75%直接拨给了CloudFactory工人及其家人,其余的捐给了当地政府机构以及城市附近提供食物和避难所的非营利组织。
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1702427403 2.Thomas Fox Parry, “The Death of a Gig Worker,”The Atlantic, June 1, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/06/gig-economy-death/561302/?utm_source=atltw.
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1702427405 3.See National Labor Relations Board, 322 U.S. 111 (1944); Weil, The Fissured Workplace, 185–86.
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1702427407 4.Aaron Smith, Shared, Collaborative, and On Demand: The New Digital Economy (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2016), http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/05/19/on-demand-ride-hailing-apps/.
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1702427409 5.至于优步的所有司机合伙人是否都可以被视为有资格向优步提起集体诉讼的员工,或者司机合伙人是否需要决定作为个人该如何保护自己的私人利益,目前还没有定论。参阅Mike Isaac and Noam Scheiber,“Uber Settles Cases with Concessions,but Drivers Stay Freelancers,”New York Times,April 21,2016,http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/22/technology/uber-settles-cases-with-concessions-but-drivers-stay-freelancers.html;Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark,“Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries:A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,”International Journal of Communication 10(July 27,2016):27。
1702427410
1702427411 6.Alex Rosenblat, Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018).
1702427412
1702427413 7.Wikipedia, s.v. “Corporate Social Responsibility,”accessed June 20, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility.
1702427414
1702427415 8.Gray et al., “The Crowd,”134–47.
1702427416
1702427417 9.帕里克对企业社会责任的态度是使问题更进一步。他要求企业创始人设计能打开市场的产品和服务,从而满足社会需求,而不是利用流行产品的利润资助慈善事业。帕里克有一些强大的支持者,比如湾区孵化器Y Combinator幕后的风险资本家。帕里克班上注册的学生有机会通过Y Combinator竞争真正的资金支持。菲利普·古特海姆、阿南德·库尔卡尼、普拉亚格·纳鲁拉和戴夫·罗尼兹基参与了课堂项目MobileWorks,赢得了Y Combinator的2011年夏季竞赛,获得了足够的资金雇用一组工程师,开展一场营销活动,搭建一个由世界各地按需工人充当虚拟助手的服务网络。参阅Gray et al.,“The Crowd”;Anand Kulkarni et al.,“MobileWorks:Designing for Quality ina Managed Crowdsourcing Architecture,”IEEE Internet Computing 16,no. 5(September 2012):28–35,https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2012.72。
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1702427419 10.Joel West and Karim R. Lakhani, “Getting Clear about Communities in Open Innovation,”Industry and Innovation 15, no. 2 (2008): 223–31; Boudreau et al., “From Crowds to Collaborators: Initiating Effort & Catalyzing Interactions Among Online Creative Workers,”HBS Working Paper No. 14-060(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School, January 2014).
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