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1．参阅Siou Chew Kuek，Cecilia Paradi-Guilford，Toks Fayomi，Saori Imaizumi，Panos Ipeirotis，Patricia Pina，and Manpreet Singh，“The Global Opportunity in Online Outsourcing，”World Bank Group，June 2015；for related，in some cases more conservative，estimates，see Lawrence Mishel，Uber and the Labor Market，Washington，DC：Economic Policy Institute，2018，https://www.epi.org/publication/uber-and-the-labor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-of-uber-and-the-gig-economy/；James Manyika et al.，Independent Work：Choice，Necessity，and the Gig Economy（Washington，DC：McKinsey Global Institute：October 2016），http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy；James Manyika et al.，Harnessing Automation for a Future That Works（Washington，DC：McKinsey Global Institute：January 2017），http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works；Till Alexander Leopold，Saadia Zahidi，and Vesselina Ratcheva，The Future of Jobs：Employment，Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution，World Economic Forum，2016。
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2．根据Smith的Gig Work: Online Selling and Home Sharing (2016)，美国8%的成年人表示，2015年他们挣钱的方式包括在线任务（如调查和数据录入）、打车服务、购物/送货、保洁/洗衣等。Kidscount.org显示的人口普查资料估计，2016年美国成年人的数量为249 747 123。因此，在大约2.5亿成年人中，我们估计8%是2 000万。调查的误差幅度是2.4%，所以更保守的估计是2.5亿的5.6%，即1 400万。
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3．参考针对企业客户的新型按需服务，如Upwork Enterprise，Hubstaff，Outsourcely和PeoplePerHour。
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4．Manyika et al. Independent Work.
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5．预测理由如下：“总体而言，我们估计，在全球经济中，人们从事的有偿活动有50%可能通过采用当前的技术实现自动化。虽然只有不到5%的职业能够实现完全自动化，但30%的人类活动可以在2055年实现60%的自动化。”Manyika et al.，Harnessing Automation.
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6．Kingsley, Gray, and Suri. “Accounting for Market Frictions,”383–400.
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7．这两个ID是真实存在的，来自西达尔特的两个MTurk工人。
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8．David H. Autor, “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,”Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 3 (Summer 2015): 3–30; Brynjolfsson and McAfee, The Second Machine Age.
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9．更多关于残疾人如何从事按需工作的细节，参阅Kathryn Zyskowski，Meredith Ringel Morris，Jeffrey P. Bigham，Mary L. Gray，and Shaun K. Kane，“Accessible Crowdwork？：Understanding the Value in and Challenge of Microtask Employment for People with Disabilities，”in CSCW ’15：Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & SocialComputing，1682–93（New York：ACM，2015），https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675158。
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10．Melissa Valentine and Amy C. Edmondson, “Team Scaffolds: How Minimal In-Group Structures Support Fast-Paced Teaming,”Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1, https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2012.109; Dietmar Harhoff and Karim R. Lakhani, eds., Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016).
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11．Coase, “Nature of the Firm,”386–405.
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12．Katz and Krueger, “Alternative Work Arrangements.”
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13．美国家庭佣工联盟网站，访问于2018年6月21日，https://www.domesticworkers.org/。
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14．Andy Stern and Lee Kravitz, Raising the Floor: How a Universal Basic Income Can Renew Our Economy and Rebuild the American Dream (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016); Alyssa Battistoni, “The False Promise of Universal Basic Income,”Dissent, Spring 2017, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/false-promise-universal-basic-income-andy-stern-ruger-bregman; Rana Foroohar, “We’re About to Live in a World of Economic Hunger Games,”Time, July 19, 2016, http://time.com/4412410/andy-stern-universal-basic-income/; Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, trans. by Arthur Goldhammer, reprint (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017).
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15．“Common Ground for Independent Workers,”From the WTF?Economy to the Next Economy (blog), November 10, 2015. https://wtfeconomy.com/common-ground-for-independent-workers-83f3fbcf548f#.ey89fvtnn.
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为何爱会伤人
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253000
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作者: 武志红
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出版: 北京联合出版公司
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ISBN: 9787550209671
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