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【3】 例如，Kamisar在1987年9月12日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，在美国法律周举办的宪法学会议上的发言：Yale Kamisar, “Overturning Miranda seems to be an idea whose time has come and gone”．但是，另见Joseph Grano, “The Changed and Changing World of Constitutional Criminal Procedure: The Contribution of the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Policy”, at 397—409及其引用的文献，代表了保守派继续反对米兰达判例的扼要观点。
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【4】 例如，Grano, Gideon v. Wainwright, “Report to the Attorney General on the law of Pre-Trial Interrogation”, Part Ⅰ. B. 2. b. 480—481。
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【5】 Stephen Saltzburg, “Foreword: The Flow and Ebb of Constitutional Criminal Procedure in the Warren and Burger Courts”, at 158.
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【6】 Charles Whitebread, “The Burger Court’s Counter-Revolution in Criminal Procedure; The Recent Criminal Decisions of the United States Supreme Court”, at 473.
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【7】 Lloyd Weinreb, Denial of Justice, 14.
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【8】 K. Preston Oade, The High Court Sows Confusion, 18, col. 4.
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【9】 Lieutenant Karczewski, 转引自Myron Orfield, “The Exclusionary Rule and Deterrence: An Empirical Study of Chicago Narcotics Officers,” 1052。
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【10】 New York Times, February 2, 1990, p. A14.
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【11】 Liva Baker, Miranda: Crime, Law and Politics, 195.
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【12】 L. A. Daily Journal, Oct. 14, 1982, p. 4, col. 3.
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【13】 466 U. S. 170 (1984).
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【14】 Wayne Lafave, “‘Case-by-Case Adjudication’ Versus Standardized Procedures: The Robinson Dilemma”, 141.
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【15】 Wayne R. Lafave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment.
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【16】 Richard Frase曾经对刑事诉讼法提出过类似的批评。“Criminal Procedure in a Conservative Age: A Time to Rediscover the Critical Nonconstitutional Issues”, at 83.
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【17】 Thomas Davies, “A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the Costs of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of Lost Arrests”, at 621.
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【18】 468 U. S. 897, 907 n. 6 (1984).
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【19】 American Bar Association, Criminal Justice in Crisis, pp.17, 33.
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【20】 谋杀、暴力强奸、抢劫、重伤害、夜盗、盗窃、汽车盗窃和放火。
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【21】 U. S. Dept. of Justice, FBI, Uniform Crime Reports (1988), 169.
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【22】 U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Criminal Research Report—The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule: A Study of California, 18.
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【23】 ABA, Criminal Justice in Crisis, 18.
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【24】 ABA, Criminal Justice in Crisis, 45.
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【25】 Peter Nardulli, “The Societal Costs of the Exclusionary Rule Revistied”, at 230.
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【26】 Craig Uchida & Timothy Bynum, “Search Warrants, Motions to Suppress and Lost Cases’: The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule in Seven Jurisdictions”, at 1061.
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【27】 例如，American Law Institute, Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure, SS 230, Commentary at 521。
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