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【12】 L. A. Daily Journal, Oct. 14, 1982, p. 4, col. 3.
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【13】 466 U. S. 170 (1984).
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【14】 Wayne Lafave, “‘Case-by-Case Adjudication’ Versus Standardized Procedures: The Robinson Dilemma”, 141.
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【15】 Wayne R. Lafave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment.
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【16】 Richard Frase曾经对刑事诉讼法提出过类似的批评。“Criminal Procedure in a Conservative Age: A Time to Rediscover the Critical Nonconstitutional Issues”, at 83.
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【17】 Thomas Davies, “A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the Costs of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of Lost Arrests”, at 621.
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【18】 468 U. S. 897, 907 n. 6 (1984).
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【19】 American Bar Association, Criminal Justice in Crisis, pp.17, 33.
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【20】 谋杀、暴力强奸、抢劫、重伤害、夜盗、盗窃、汽车盗窃和放火。
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【21】 U. S. Dept. of Justice, FBI, Uniform Crime Reports (1988), 169.
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【22】 U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Criminal Research Report—The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule: A Study of California, 18.
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【23】 ABA, Criminal Justice in Crisis, 18.
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【24】 ABA, Criminal Justice in Crisis, 45.
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【25】 Peter Nardulli, “The Societal Costs of the Exclusionary Rule Revistied”, at 230.
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【26】 Craig Uchida & Timothy Bynum, “Search Warrants, Motions to Suppress and Lost Cases’: The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule in Seven Jurisdictions”, at 1061.
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【27】 例如，American Law Institute, Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure, SS 230, Commentary at 521。
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【28】 William Heffernan & Richard Lovely, “Evaluating the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule: The Problem of Police Compliance with the Law.”
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【29】 Ibid., at 332—333.
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【30】 William Heffernan & Richard Lovely, “Evaluating the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule: The Problem of Police Compliance with the Law”, at 339.
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【31】 Craig Bradley, “Are State Courts Enforcing the Fourth Amendment? A Preliminary Study.”
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【32】 笔者没有研究上诉判例中关于第四修正案问题有利于被告人的错误决定有多少。
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【33】 Craig Bradley, “Are State Courts Enforcing the Fourth Amendment? A Preliminary Study”, at 283.
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【34】 保守主义者不满仅仅违反规则的搜查导致证据排除；自由主义者担心如果没有这个规则警察的严重违法行为会受不到惩罚。
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【35】 Craig Bradley, “Two Models of the Fourth Amendment.”
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【36】 Coolidge v. New Hampshire 403 U. S. 443, 490—491 (1971) (Harlan, J. concurring in the judgment).
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