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1702845550 人们为什么遵守法律 [:1702840716]
1702845551 人们为什么遵守法律 续篇:怎样才能维持社会秩序
1702845552
1702845553 人们在研究法律时,往往首先就要研究人们为什么会遵守法律这一问题。因为当局之所以要制定法律,之所以要赋予司法机关权力,其目的就在于要对人们的行为进行规范,从而建立起社会秩序,并将这种社会秩序维持下去。我之所以要写作《人们为什么遵守法律》一书,也是要弄清楚通过什么样的方法才能最有效地让人们遵守法律这一问题。在过去几十年中,人们最主流的看法是,要保证法律得到遵守,就要对人们进行威胁或者对人们施加惩罚——也就是使用威慑的方法。即使在20世纪80年代,也就是我写作本书的时候,持这种观点的仍然大有人在,威慑方法也仍然非常普遍。在进入21世纪后,威慑仍然是人们维持社会秩序的主要方法之一(纳金1998年)。
1702845554
1702845555 威慑策略是工具主义策略的一种。当局之所以会使用威慑策略,是因为他们认为奖励和制裁是促使人们实施一定行为的基本方法。对于如何才能让人们遵守法律,持威慑观点的人认为,方法就是将受到制裁和实施了触犯法律的行为联系在一起。根据这一观点,他们提出了使用惩罚进行威慑的策略。有关组织的研究也受到这一观点的影响。从相关文献来看,有一些人认为可以通过奖励来推动人们实施某种行为,即可以通过给予奖励的方法使人们按照当局想要的方式行事(泰勒和布莱德2000年)。
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